E-Book, Englisch, 596 Seiten
Flechtner / Gruber / Güntner System Earth via Geodetic-Geophysical Space Techniques
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-10228-8
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
E-Book, Englisch, 596 Seiten
Reihe: Advanced Technologies in Earth Sciences
ISBN: 978-3-642-10228-8
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
Our planet is currently experiencing substantial changes due to natural phen- ena and direct or indirect human interactions. Observations from space are the only means to monitor and quantify these changes on a global and long-term p- spective. Continuous time series of a large set of Earth system parameters are needed in order to better understand the processes causing these changes, as well as their interactions. This knowledge is needed to build comprehensive Earth s- tem models used for analysis and prediction of the changing Earth. Geodesy and geophysics contribute to the understanding of system Earth through the observation of global parameter sets in space and time, such as tectonic motion, Earth surface deformation, sea level changes and gravity, magnetic and atmospheric elds. In the framework of the German geoscience research and development p- gramme GEOTECHNOLOGIEN, research projects related to the theme 'Observing the Earth System from Space' have been funded within two consecutive phases since 2002, both covering 3 years. The projects address data analysis and model development using the satellite missions CHAMP, GRACE, GOCE and comp- mentary ground or airborne observations. The results of the rst phase projects have been published in the Springer book, titled 'Observation of the Earth System from Space', edited by Flury, Rummel, Reigber, Rothacher, Boedecker and Schreiber in 2006. The present book, titled 'System Earth via Geodetic-Geophysical Space Techniques' summarizes in 40 scienti c papers the results of eight coordinated research projects funded in the second phase of this programme (2005-2008).
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Weitere Infos & Material
1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;Contributors;12
4;Part I CHAMP and GRACE;20
4.1;More Accurate and Faster Available CHAMP and GRACE Gravity Fields for the User Community;22
4.1.1;1 Introduction;22
4.1.2;2 Gravity Field Determination from Analysis of High-Low SST Data;25
4.1.3;3 Main Results of the BMBF/DFG Project CHAMP/GRACE;27
4.1.4;References;32
4.2;The CHAMP/GRACE User Portal ISDC;34
4.2.1;1 Introduction;34
4.2.2;2 Data Lifecycle Management;36
4.2.3;3 Metadata Model;38
4.2.4;4 Portal Architecture;41
4.2.4.1;4.1 Application Framework;42
4.2.4.2;4.2 Data Flow;42
4.2.4.3;4.3 Interfaces;43
4.2.5;5 Backend for Operational Services;45
4.2.5.1;5.1 Component Deployment;45
4.2.6;6 Outlook;46
4.2.7;References;47
4.3;Improvements for the CHAMP and GRACE Observation Model;48
4.3.1;1 Introduction;48
4.3.2;2 GPS Carrier Phase Wind-Up;48
4.3.2.1;2.1 General;48
4.3.2.2;2.2 Carrier Phase Wind-Up Validation;50
4.3.3;3 GPS Attitude Model;52
4.3.3.1;3.1 Nominal Yaw Regime;53
4.3.3.2;3.2 Noon/Midnight Turn Regime;54
4.3.3.3;3.3 Shadow Crossing Regime;55
4.3.3.4;3.4 Post-shadow Regime;56
4.3.4;4 Summary;57
4.3.5;References;58
4.4;The Release 04 CHAMP and GRACE EIGEN Gravity Field Models;60
4.4.1;1 Introduction;60
4.4.2;2 Monthly EIGEN-GRACE05S Time Series;61
4.4.3;3 Weekly EIGEN-GRACE05S Time Series;66
4.4.4;4 Monthly EIGEN-CHAMP05S Time Series;67
4.4.5;5 Satellite-Only and Combined EIGEN-5S and EIGEN-5C Solutions;68
4.4.6;6 A New Mean, Static EIGEN-CHAMP05S Gravity Field Model and Its Evaluation;70
4.4.7;7 Summary and Conclusions;74
4.4.8;References;75
4.5;Orbit Predictions for CHAMP and GRACE;78
4.5.1;1 Introduction;78
4.5.2;2 Orbit Prediction System;79
4.5.2.1;2.1 Preprocessing;79
4.5.2.2;2.2 Orbit Determination;80
4.5.2.3;2.3 Products;81
4.5.3;3 Accuracy of Predicted Orbits;82
4.5.4;4 Conclusions;84
4.5.5;References;84
4.6;Rapid Science Orbits for CHAMP and GRACE Radio Occultation Data Analysis;86
4.6.1;1 Introduction;86
4.6.2;2 GPS Rapid Science Orbits;87
4.6.3;3 Low Earth Orbiters Rapid Science Orbits;90
4.6.4;4 Summary;94
4.6.5;References;95
4.7;Parallelization and High Performance Computationfor Accelerated CHAMP and GRACE Data Analysis;97
4.7.1;1 Introduction;97
4.7.2;2 Removal of GPS Clock Parameters from the Observation Equations Using Dedicated Projections;99
4.7.3;3 Accelerated Computation of Normal Equations from Observation Equations via Additional Row-Block Parallelization;104
4.7.4;4 Adjustment of Satellite Arcs of Arbitrary Length;108
4.7.5;5 Conclusion;109
4.7.6;References;110
5;Part II GRACE;111
5.1;Improved GRACE Level-1 and Level-2 Productsand Their Validation by Ocean Bottom Pressure;112
5.1.1;1 Introduction;112
5.1.2;2 The GRACE Mission Configuration and Key Instrumentation;113
5.1.3;3 The GRACE Level-1 and Level-2 Products;114
5.1.4;4 Main Results of the BMBF/DFG Project GRACE;117
5.1.5;References;120
5.2;The GRACE Gravity Sensor System;122
5.2.1;1 GRACE Sensor System;122
5.2.1.1;1.1 The Accelerometer;123
5.2.1.1.1;1.1.1 Logical Model;123
5.2.1.1.2;1.1.2 Accelerometer Noise Model;125
5.2.1.2;1.2 The Star Sensor;125
5.2.1.2.1;1.2.1 Star Sensor Noise Model;126
5.2.1.3;1.3 The GPS Receiver;127
5.2.1.3.1;1.3.1 Error Model;128
5.2.1.4;1.4 The K-Band Ranging System;128
5.2.1.4.1;1.4.1 Error Model;129
5.2.2;2 Sensor System Interaction;130
5.2.3;3 Force Models;131
5.2.3.1;3.1 Gravitational Forces;131
5.2.3.2;3.2 Non-gravitational Forces;131
5.2.4;4 Real Data Analysis;132
5.2.5;5 Data Processing;134
5.2.6;6 Conclusions and Outlook;134
5.2.7;References;135
5.3;Numerical Simulations of Short-Term Non-tidal Ocean Mass Anomalies;136
5.3.1;1 Introduction;136
5.3.2;2 Ocean Model for Circulation and Tides (OMCT);137
5.3.3;3 ECMWF Analyses and Forecasts;138
5.3.4;4 Continental and Atmospheric Freshwater Fluxes;139
5.3.5;5 Variations in Total Ocean Mass;141
5.3.6;6 Conclusions;144
5.3.7;References;145
5.4;Improved Non-tidal Atmospheric and Oceanic De-aliasing for GRACE and SLR Satellites;147
5.4.1;1 Introduction;147
5.4.2;2 OMCT Configuration for AOD1B RL04;149
5.4.3;3 Increase of the Temporal Resolution of AOD1B;151
5.4.4;4 AOD1B RL04 Time Series for Consistent SLR Data Processing;153
5.4.5;5 Conclusions;156
5.4.6;6 Notes;156
5.4.7;References;157
5.5;Global Gravity Fields from Simulated Level-1 GRACE Data;159
5.5.1;1 Introduction;159
5.5.2;2 Simulation of Observations;160
5.5.3;3 Estimation of Arc Specific Parameters and Gravity Field Coefficients;161
5.5.4;4 Estimation of Instrument Parameters;163
5.5.5;5 Orbit Geometry and Omission Error;165
5.5.6;6 Effect of Errors in the Background Models;165
5.5.7;7 Colored Observation Noise;167
5.5.8;8 Variation of the Arc Length and the Number of Instrument Parameters;169
5.5.9;9 Special Experiments Concerning the C20 Coefficient ;171
5.5.10;10 Summary and Conclusions;172
5.5.11;References;173
5.6;ITG-GRACE: Global Static and Temporal Gravity Field Models from GRACE Data;175
5.6.1;1 Introduction;175
5.6.2;2 Physical Model;176
5.6.2.1;2.1 Model Setup;176
5.6.2.2;2.2 Stochastic Model;177
5.6.2.3;2.3 Representation of the Gravity Field;178
5.6.2.3.1;2.3.1 Static Gravity Field Representation;178
5.6.2.3.2;2.3.2 Representation of the Time Variable Gravity Field;178
5.6.3;3 Gravity Field Solution ITG-Grace03s;180
5.6.3.1;3.1 Data Set and Estimated Parameters;180
5.6.3.2;3.2 Temporal Variations;180
5.6.3.3;3.3 Static Solution;181
5.6.3.4;3.4 Covariance-Matrix;181
5.6.4;4 Conclusions;183
5.6.5;References;184
5.7;Validation of GRACE Gravity Fields by In-Situ Data of Ocean Bottom Pressure;185
5.7.1;1 Introduction;185
5.7.2;2 Data;187
5.7.2.1;2.1 In-Situ Ocean Bottom Pressure;187
5.7.2.2;2.2 GRACE;190
5.7.3;3 Methods;192
5.7.4;4 Results;192
5.7.5;5 Summary and Conclusions;198
5.7.6;References;200
5.8;Antarctic Circumpolar Current Transport Variability in GRACE Gravity Solutions and Numerical Ocean Model Simulations;202
5.8.1;1 Introduction;202
5.8.2;2 Data;204
5.8.3;3 Transport Variability and Ocean Bottom Pressure;205
5.8.4;4 SAM in GRACE Ocean Bottom Pressure;208
5.8.5;5 Discussion;212
5.8.6;References;214
6;Part III GOCE;215
6.1;Gravity and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer GOCE;216
6.1.1;1 Introduction;216
6.1.2;2 The GOCE Mission;218
6.1.3;3 GOCE in the Context of the Geotechnology-Programme;221
6.1.4;4 Conclusions;225
6.1.5;References;225
6.2;GOCE Data Analysis: From Calibrated Measurementsto the Global Earth Gravity Field;226
6.2.1;1 Introduction;226
6.2.2;2 Processing Strategy for the Different Data Types;227
6.2.2.1;2.1 Processing of the SST Data;227
6.2.2.1.1;2.1.1 Kinematic Orbit and Velocity Determination;228
6.2.2.1.2;2.1.2 Energy Integral;229
6.2.2.2;2.2 Processing of the SGG Data;231
6.2.2.2.1;2.2.1 Functional Model for In-Situ SGG Data Processing;232
6.2.2.2.2;2.2.2 Stochastic Model of SGG Data;233
6.2.2.3;2.3 Introduction of Regularizing Prior Information;234
6.2.2.4;2.4 Combination of All Observation Groups;235
6.2.3;3 Solving the Combined Normal Equation System;236
6.2.3.1;3.1 Preconditioned Conjugate Gradients Multiple Adjustment;237
6.2.3.2;3.2 Integration of VCE into PCGMA;239
6.2.3.3;3.3 Integration of the Decorrelation Filters into PCGMA;239
6.2.4;4 Conclusion and Outlook;241
6.2.5;References;241
6.3;GOCE and Its Use for a High-Resolution Global Gravity Combination Model;243
6.3.1;1 Pre-GOCE Satellite-only Models;243
6.3.2;2 GOCE and Satellite-only Models;244
6.3.3;3 GOCE and Global Gravity Field Combination Models;247
6.3.3.1;3.1 Surface Data;247
6.3.3.2;3.2 Combination Models Derived from Full and Block-Diagonal Normal Equations;248
6.3.3.3;3.3 The GOCE-Model: Combination with Full Normal Equations Only;250
6.3.4;4 Conclusions;252
6.3.5;References;253
6.4;Spectral Approaches to Solving the Polar Gap Problem;255
6.4.1;1 Introduction;255
6.4.2;2 Selected Strategies A Review;256
6.4.2.1;2.1 Stabilization with External Data;256
6.4.2.2;2.2 Stabilization without External Data;258
6.4.3;3 Regularization and Combination;259
6.4.4;4 Slepian Parameterization;261
6.4.4.1;4.1 Solving the Eigenvalue Problem;262
6.4.5;5 Conclusions;264
6.4.6;References;264
6.5;Regionally Refined Gravity Field Models from In-Situ Satellite Data;266
6.5.1;1 Introduction;266
6.5.2;2 Mathematical Model;267
6.5.2.1;2.1 Basis Functions;268
6.5.2.2;2.2 Regionally Adapted Regularization;269
6.5.3;3 Simulation Scenario;271
6.5.4;4 Conclusions;274
6.5.5;References;274
6.6;Quality Evaluation of GOCE Gradients;276
6.6.1;1 Cross-Over Analysis;276
6.6.1.1;1.1 Short Term Biases;277
6.6.1.2;1.2 Trend;278
6.6.1.3;1.3 Fourier Coefficients;280
6.6.2;2 Accuracy Analysis of External Reference Gradients in the Frequency Domain;281
6.6.2.1;2.1 Spectral Combination Method;281
6.6.2.2;2.2 Synthetic Data;282
6.6.2.3;2.3 Closed-Loop Differences in the Frequency Domain;283
6.6.3;3 Generation of Quality Reports;284
6.6.4;4 Conclusions;286
6.6.5;References;286
6.7;Validation of Satellite Gravity Field Models by Regional Terrestrial Data Sets;288
6.7.1;1 Introduction;288
6.7.2;2 Gravity Data;290
6.7.3;3 GPS and Levelling Data;293
6.7.4;4 Gravimetric Quasigeoid Models;294
6.7.5;5 Astrogeodetic Vertical Deflections;296
6.7.5.1;5.1 Astrogeodetic Validation of GPS/Levelling Data and Gravimetric Quasigeoid Models;297
6.7.5.2;5.2 Astrogeodetic Validation of Global Geopotential Models;298
6.7.6;6 Global Model Validation by Wavelet Techniques;299
6.7.6.1;6.1 Filtering Terrestrial Data by Second Generation Wavelets;300
6.7.6.2;6.2 First Results with Second Generation Wavelets;303
6.7.7;7 Conclusions;304
6.7.8;References;305
6.8;Comparison of GRACE and Model-Based Estimates of Bottom Pressure Variations Against In Situ Bottom Pressure Measurements;308
6.8.1;1 Introduction;308
6.8.2;2 Methodology;310
6.8.3;3 Comparison of Results with Bottom Pressure Sensors;312
6.8.4;4 Comparison of GRACE Results with Model Simulations and Bottom Pressure Sensors;313
6.8.5;5 Global EOF Fields of GRACE and Model pb Variations ;317
6.8.6;6 Concluding Remarks;318
6.8.7;References;319
7;Part IV SEAVAR;321
7.1;Sea Level Variations -- Prospects from the Past to the Present(SEAVAR);322
7.2;Radar Altimetry Derived Sea Level Anomalies -- The Benefit of New Orbits and Harmonization;326
7.2.1;1 Introduction;326
7.2.2;2 The Altimeter Database and Processing System (ADS);326
7.2.3;3 Harmonization of Different Altimetric Missions;327
7.2.4;4 The Effects of New Orbits;328
7.2.5;5 Summary and Outlook;331
7.2.6;References;332
7.3;Combining GEOSAT and TOPEX/Poseidon Data by Means of Data Assimilation;334
7.3.1;1 Introduction;334
7.3.2;2 Model and Data;334
7.3.3;3 Results;336
7.3.4;4 Summary and Conclusions;340
7.3.5;References;341
7.4;Reanalysis of GPS Data at Tide Gauges and the Combination for the IGS TIGA Pilot Project;343
7.4.1;1 Introduction;343
7.4.2;2 Reprocessing of GPS Data at Tide Gauge Benchmarks at GFT;343
7.4.3;3 Combination of Weekly TIGA Solutions;346
7.4.4;4 Summary and Conclusions;347
7.4.5;References;347
7.5;Sea Level Rise in North Atlantic Derived from Gap Filled Tide Gauge Stations of the PSMSL Data Set;349
7.5.1;1 Introduction;349
7.5.2;2 The PSMSL Gauge Data Set;350
7.5.3;3 Theoretical Background and Used Method;351
7.5.4;4 Reduced Number of Gauges and Calibration of IFEOM;354
7.5.5;5 Conclusions;357
7.5.6;References;357
7.6;Using ARGO, GRACE and Altimetry Data to Assess the Quasi Stationary North Atlantic Circulation;358
7.6.1;1 Introduction;358
7.6.2;2 Model Setup and Data;359
7.6.3;3 Results;359
7.6.4;4 Summary and Conclusions;363
7.6.5;References;364
7.7;A 15-Year Reconstruction of Sea Level Anomalies Using Radar Altimetry and GPS-Corrected Tide Gauge Data;366
7.7.1;1 Introduction;366
7.7.2;2 Methodology;366
7.7.3;3 Comparison of GIA vs. GPS Corrections;369
7.7.4;4 Conclusion;370
7.7.5;References;371
8;Part V TIVAGAM;373
8.1;Continental Water Storage Variations from GRACE Time-Variable Gravity Data;374
8.1.1;1 Surface Mass Variations from GRACE;374
8.1.2;2 Surface Mass Processes: Continental Hydrology;376
8.1.3;3 The TIVAGAM Project;378
8.1.4;References;379
8.2; Surface Mass Variability from GRACE and Hydrological Models: Characteristic Periods and the Reconstruction of Significant Signals;381
8.2.1;1 Introduction;381
8.2.2;2 Input Data and Preprocessing;382
8.2.3;3 Methodology;383
8.2.4;4 Application to Continental Grids and River Basins;384
8.2.5;5 Reconstruction of Filtered GRACE Time Series of Surface Mass Anomalies;387
8.2.6;6 Conclusions;389
8.2.7;References;389
8.3; Time-Space Multiscale Analysis and Its Application to GRACE and Hydrology Data;391
8.3.1;1 Introduction;391
8.3.2;2 Multiscale Analysis;392
8.3.2.1;2.1 Separated Wavelet Analysis with Spherical Wavelets in Space and Euclidean Wavelets in Time Domain;392
8.3.2.2;2.2 Tensor Product Wavelets;395
8.3.3;3 Comparison of the Wavelet Methods Involving Correlation coefficients;396
8.3.4;4 Adapted Filter for the Extraction of a Hydrology Model from GRACE Data;397
8.3.5;5 Conclusions;400
8.3.6;References;400
8.4;Mass Variation Signals in GRACE Products and in Crustal Deformations from GPS: A Comparison;402
8.4.1;1 Introduction;402
8.4.2;2 Crustal Deformation Time Series from GPS in a Consistent Reference Frame;402
8.4.3;3 Comparison of Low-Degree Deformations from GPS and GRACE;403
8.4.4;4 Comparison of Point-Wise Deformation Time Series;403
8.4.4.1;4.1 Daily GPS Versus Geophysical Models;403
8.4.4.2;4.2 Monthly GPS Versus Grace;405
8.4.5;5 Systematics in GPS-GRACE Discrepancies;405
8.4.6;6 Regionalized Comparison Studies;407
8.4.7;7 Conclusions;409
8.4.8;References;409
8.5;Monthly and Daily Variations of Continental Water Storageand Flows;410
8.5.1;1 Introduction;410
8.5.2;2 Modelling of Global Continental Water Storage and Flows with WGHM;411
8.5.2.1;2.1 Model Overview;411
8.5.2.2;2.2 Improved Representation of Lateral Flows;411
8.5.2.2.1;2.2.1 Variable Flow Velocity;411
8.5.2.2.2;2.2.2 Reservoir Algorithm;412
8.5.2.3;2.3 Climate Input Data;412
8.5.3;3 Results;413
8.5.3.1;3.1 Impact of Dynamic Flow Velocity Algorithm on River Discharge and Storage;413
8.5.3.2;3.2 Impact of Reservoir Algorithm on River Discharge and Storage;414
8.5.3.3;3.3 Daily Variations of Water Storage;415
8.5.4;4 Best Estimate of Continental Water Storage and Flows;416
8.5.5;5 Conclusions;416
8.5.6; References ;417
8.6;Calibration of a Global Hydrological Model with GRACE Data;419
8.6.1;1 Introduction;419
8.6.2;2 Methods;420
8.6.2.1;2.1 Hydrological Model;420
8.6.2.2;2.2 Parameter Sensitivity Analysis;420
8.6.2.3;2.3 GRACE Data and Filter;421
8.6.2.4;2.4 Calibration Approach;423
8.6.3;3 Results;424
8.6.4;4 Conclusions;426
8.6.5;References;427
9;Part VI NRT-RO;429
9.1;Near-Real-Time Provision and Usage of Global Atmospheric Data from CHAMP and GRACE (NRT-RO):Motivation and Introduction;430
9.1.1;References;433
9.2;Global Atmospheric Data from CHAMP and GRACE-A: Overview and Results;434
9.2.1;1 Introduction;434
9.2.2;2 Status of CHAMP and GRACE Radio Occultations;435
9.2.3;3 Near-Real Time Occultation Infrastructure and Data Analysis at GFZ;436
9.2.4;4 Monitoring and Assimilation of CHAMP and GRACE Data to Global Weather Models;437
9.2.5;5 GPS Radio Occultation with TerraSAR-X;439
9.2.6;6 Summary;440
9.2.7;References;440
9.3;Near-Real Time Satellite Orbit Determination for GPS Radio Occultation with CHAMP and GRACE;443
9.3.1;1 Introduction;443
9.3.2;2 NRT Orbit Processing System;444
9.3.2.1;2.1 CHAIN 1: GPS-Based Processing;444
9.3.2.2;2.2 CHAIN 2: IGU-Based Processing;446
9.3.2.3;2.3 CHAIN 3: IGU-Fixed-30s Processing;446
9.3.3;3 Summary;453
9.3.4;References;453
9.4;The Operational Processing System for GPS Radio Occultation Data from CHAMP and GRACE;455
9.4.1;1 Introduction;455
9.4.2;2 Infrastructure and Input Data;456
9.4.3;3 The CHAMP/GRACE Atmospheric Processor;456
9.4.4;4 Standard and NRT Processing;457
9.4.5;5 Summary;459
9.4.6;References;459
9.5;Assimilation of CHAMP and GRACE-A Radio Occultation Data in the GME Global Meteorological Model of the GermanWeather Service;461
9.5.1;1 Introduction: Data Assimilation;461
9.5.2;2 Activities of the DWD in the NRT-RO Project;463
9.5.3;3 Evaluation of Bending Angle Forward Operators;463
9.5.4;4 Monitoring;467
9.5.5;5 Assimilation Experiments;469
9.5.6;6 Summary and Outlook;470
9.5.7;References;470
10;Part VII MAGFIELD;472
10.1;The Earths Magnetic Field at the CHAMP Satellite Epoch;473
10.1.1;1 Introduction;473
10.1.2;2 Ground and Space Measurements;475
10.1.2.1;2.1 Ground Measurements;476
10.1.2.1.1;2.1.1 Magnetic Observatories;476
10.1.2.1.2;2.1.2 More Ground or Near-Earth Measurements;478
10.1.2.2;2.2 Satellite Measurements;479
10.1.2.3;2.3 CHAMP Data Processing;480
10.1.2.3.1;2.3.1 Overhauser Magnetometer Data Processing;480
10.1.2.3.2;2.3.2 Fluxgate Magnetometer Data Processing;483
10.1.2.3.3;2.3.3 In-Flight Scalar Calibration;486
10.1.2.4;2.4 Advanced Stellar Compass Data Processing;488
10.1.2.5;2.5 Magnetic Field Data in NEC Frame;491
10.1.2.6;2.6 Complementarity of the Ground and Satellite Data;493
10.1.3;3 Data and Field Modeling;495
10.1.3.1;3.1 Data Selection;496
10.1.3.1.1;3.1.1 Data Selection -- General Needs;496
10.1.3.1.2;3.1.2 Data Selection -- New Approach;497
10.1.3.2;3.2 Global Modeling;500
10.1.3.3;3.3 Regional Modeling;503
10.1.3.3.1;3.3.1 Wavelet Frames;507
10.1.3.3.2;3.3.2 Inverse Problem;508
10.1.3.3.3;3.3.3 Local Multipole Approximations;509
10.1.4;4 Lithospheric Field: More Details at All Scales;510
10.1.4.1;4.1 Lithospheric Field and Its Large Scale;510
10.1.4.2;4.2 Lithospheric Field and Its Small Scale;512
10.1.4.2.1;4.2.1 World Digital Magnetic Anomaly Map;512
10.1.4.2.2;4.2.2 Some Qualitative Geology;518
10.1.5;5 Conclusions and Outlook;521
10.1.6;References;522
11;Part VIII GGOS-D;525
11.1;Integration of Space Geodetic Techniques as the Basis for a Global Geodetic-Geophysical Observing System (GGOS-D):An Overview;526
11.1.1;1 Motivation;526
11.1.2;2 Goals of GGOS-D;527
11.1.3;3 Structure of GGOS-D;528
11.1.4;4 Data Management and Information System;529
11.1.5;5 Common Modeling Standards and Parameterization;529
11.1.6;6 Consistent Long-Term Time Series of the Space Geodetic Techniques;530
11.1.7;7 The GGOS-D Terrestrial Reference Frame;532
11.1.8;8 Comparisons and Validation of Long-Term Series of Geodetic and Geophysical Parameters;532
11.1.9;9 Conclusions and Outlook;533
11.1.10;References;534
11.2;GGOS-D Data Management From Data to Knowledge;535
11.2.1;1 Contributions for a Data and Information System for GGOS-D;535
11.2.2;2 Data Management for a Global Geodetic-Geophysical Observing System;536
11.2.3;3 Integration of External Geodetic-Geophysical Series;538
11.2.4;4 Design of a Geodetic Metadata Catalogue Based on ISO Standards;538
11.2.5;5 Summary;539
11.2.6;References;540
11.3;GGOS-D Consistent, High-Accuracy Technique-Specific Solutions;541
11.3.1;1 Introduction;541
11.3.2;2 Standards, Conventions, Parameterization, Models;542
11.3.3;3 Global Positioning System;544
11.3.4;4 Very Long Baseline Interferometry;545
11.3.5;5 Satellite Laser Ranging;546
11.3.6;6 Summary and Conclusions;548
11.3.7;References;549
11.4;GGOS-D Global Terrestrial Reference Frame;551
11.4.1;1 Introduction;551
11.4.2;2 Input Data for TRF Computation;552
11.4.3;3 Combination Methodology for TRF Computation;553
11.4.4;4 Accumulation of Time Series per Space-Technique;554
11.4.5;5 Computation of the TRF Solution;557
11.4.6;6 Conclusions;559
11.4.7;References;559
11.5;GGOS-D Consistent and Combined Time Series of Geodetic/Geophyical Parameters;561
11.5.1;1 Introduction;561
11.5.2;2 Time Series of Site Coordinates;562
11.5.2.1;2.1 Seasonal Effects in Site Positions;562
11.5.2.2;2.2 Thermal Expansion Effects in VLBI;564
11.5.3;3 Time Series of Earth Orientation Parameters;565
11.5.3.1;3.1 EOP Time Series Resulting from a Consistent Combination of TRF and EOP;565
11.5.3.2;3.2 Analysis of Nutation Time Series;567
11.5.4;4 Time Series of Atmosphere Parameters;568
11.5.5;5 Conclusions;570
11.5.6;References;571
11.6;GGOS-D Integration with Low Earth Orbiters;572
11.6.1;1 Introduction;572
11.6.2;2 Characterization of the Integrated Processings;573
11.6.3;3 Comparison with a Two-Step Processing;574
11.6.4;4 Time Series of the Dynamic Origin;575
11.6.5;5 Conclusions and Outlook;576
11.6.6;References;577
12;Index;578
