Fenves / Perrone / Robinson Numerical and Computer Methods in Structural Mechanics

1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-7254-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 698 Seiten, Web PDF

Numerical and Computer Methods in Structural Mechanics is a compendium of papers that deals with the numerical methods in structural mechanics, computer techniques, and computer capabilities. Some papers discus the analytical basis of the computer technique most widely used in software, that is, the finite element method. This method includes the convergence (in terms of variation principles) isoparametrics, hybrid models, and incompatible displacement models. Other papers explain the storage or retrieval of data, as well as equation-solving algorithms. Other papers describe general-purpose structural mechanics programs, alternatives to, and extension of the usual finite element approaches. Another paper explores nonlinear, dynamic finite element problems, and a direct physical approach to determine finite difference models. Special papers explain structural mechanics used in computing, particularly, those related to integrated data bases, such as in the Structures Oriented Exchange System of the Office of Naval Research and the integrated design of tanker structures. Other papers describe software and hardware capabilities, for example, in ship design, fracture mechanics, biomechanics, and crash safety. The text is suitable for programmers, computer engineers, researchers, and scientists involved in materials and industrial design.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Fenves, Steven J.

Perrone, Nicholas

Robinson, Arthur R.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Numerical and Computer Methods in Structural Mechanics;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS;16
6;PREFACE;20
7;PART
I: FINITE ELEMENTS—FUNDAMENTALS;22
7.1;Chapter 1. Variational Procedures and Convergence of Finite-Element Methods;22
7.1.1;References;32
7.2;Chapter 2. Isoparametric and Allied Numerically Integrated Elements— A Review;34
7.2.1;1. Introduction;34
7.2.2;2. Basic Principles of Shape Function (Interpolation ) Mapping;35
7.2.3;3. Uniqueness of Mapping;37
7.2.4;4. Iso-, Sub-, and Superparametric Elements;39
7.2.5;5. Evaluation of Element Properties in Curvilinear Coordinates;40
7.2.6;6. Required Accuracy of Numerical Integration;41
7.2.7;7. Some Useful Elements for Two- and Three-Dimensional Analysis;43
7.2.8;8. Degeneration of Quadrilateral or Brick Elements;47
7.2.9;9. Computation Efficiency of Numerical Integration;49
7.2.10;10. Practical Examples and Stress Computation;50
7.2.11;11. Shells and Plates as Limiting Cases of Three-Dimensional Analysis;52
7.2.12;12. Applications to Nonlinear Analysis;55
7.2.13;13. Concluding Remarks—Other
Uses of Mapping;58
7.2.14;References;60
7.3;Chapter 3. Incompatible Displacement Models;64
7.3.1;1. Introduction;64
7.3.2;2. Source of Errors;65
7.3.3;3. Addition of Incompatible Modes for Two-Dimensional Isoparametric Elements;66
7.3.4;4. Three-Dimensional Elements;72
7.3.5;5. Thick Shell Element;73
7.3.6;6. Thick Shell Examples;76
7.3.7;References;78
7.4;Chapter 4. Hybrid Models;80
7.4.1;1. Introduction;80
7.4.2;2. Formulation of Hybrid Stress Model;81
7.4.3;3. Features of Hybrid Stress Model;84
7.4.4;4. Hybrid Displacement Models;95
7.4.5;5. Conclusion;97
7.4.6;References;97
7.5;Chapter 5. Computer Implementation of the Finite-Element Procedure;100
7.5.1;1. Introduction;100
7.5.2;2. Prerequisites;101
7.5.3;3. Solution Methods for the Load-Deflection Equations;104
7.5.4;4. Incorporation of Different Finite-Element Types;125
7.5.5;5. Modular Design;127
7.5.6;6. Problem Description and Representation of the Results;133
7.5.7;Acknowledgments;138
7.5.8;References;138
8;PART
II: CRITICAL REVIEW OF GENERAL-PURPOSE STRUCTURAL MECHANICS PROGRAMS;144
8.1;Chapter 6. Review of the ASKA Program;144
8.1.1;1. Introduction;144
8.1.2;2. General Information;145
8.1.3;3. Element Library;146
8.1.4;4. Preparation of an ASKA Job;152
8.1.5;5. Special Features in ASKA;155
8.1.6;6. Dynamic Analysis;158
8.1.7;7. Problems Solved with ASKA;159
8.1.8;8. Concluding Remarks;168
8.1.9;Acknowledgment;169
8.1.10;References;169
8.2;Chapter 7. A Critical View of NASTRAN;172
8.2.1;1. Introduction;172
8.2.2;2. History of NASTRAN;172
8.2.3;3. Boeing Evaluation Project;173
8.2.4;4. Analytic Capability;174
8.2.5;5. Element Technology;179
8.2.6;6. Numerical Methods;182
8.2.7;7. Ease of Use;185
8.2.8;8. Problem Size;186
8.2.9;9. Performance;187
8.2.10;10. Design Criteria;188
8.2.11;11. Maintainability;189
8.2.12;12. Conclusion;189
8.2.13;Appendix A. Future NASTRAN Developments;190
8.2.14;Appendix B. Examples of Analysis;191
8.2.15;References;194
8.3;Chapter 8. The DAISY Code;196
8.3.1;1. Introduction;197
8.3.2;2. Some Features of DAISY;199
8.3.3;3. Lockheed's Development of DAISY;203
8.3.4;4. Some Examples of Problems Solved with DAISY;218
8.3.5;5. Future Plans;230
8.4;Chapter 9. An Evaluation of the STARDYNE
System;232
8.4.1;1. Introduction;232
8.4.2;2. STARDYNE;232
8.4.3;3. Examples of Problems Solved;237
8.4.4;4. Performance;245
8.4.5;5. Conclusions;247
8.5;Chapter 10. Analysis and Design Capabilities of STRUDL Program;250
8.5.1;1. Introduction;250
8.5.2;2. Definition of the Problem;251
8.5.3;3. Analysis Facilities;252
8.5.4;4. Design Facilities;256
8.5.5;5. Nondestructive Save/Restore and
Graphic/Output;258
8.5.6;6. Maintenance, Improvements, and Implementation;259
8.5.7;7. Machine Configuration;260
8.5.8;8. Computer Cost;260
8.5.9;9. Conclusion;265
8.5.10;References;266
8.6;Chapter 11. Elastic-Plastic and Creep Analysis via the MARC Finite-Element Computer Program;268
8.6.1;1. Introduction;268
8.6.2;2. Example 1—Plasticit y Analysis;269
8.6.3;3. Example 2—Primar y Creep Analysis;275
8.6.4;4. Other Examples;278
8.6.5;5. The Merits of MARC;284
8.6.6;6. Conclusions;284
8.6.7;References;284
9;PART
III: FINITE DIFFERENCE/FINITE ELEMENTS— A MERGING OF FORCES;286
9.1;Chapter 12. A Survey of Finite-Difference Methods for Partial Differential Equations;286
9.1.1;1. Introduction;286
9.1.2;2. General Discussion;288
9.1.3;3. Hyperbolic Systems;289
9.1.4;4. Parabolic Systems;292
9.1.5;5. Elliptic Systems;293
9.1.6;6. Tensor Product—Fast
Fourier Transform Methods;296
9.1.7;7. Implicit versus Explicit Methods—Flexibility Concept;298
9.1.8;8. The Method of Fractional Steps;300
9.1.9;9. Stability and the Energy Method;304
9.1.10;References;307
9.2;Chapter 13. Finite-Difference Energy Models versus Finite-Element Models:
Two Varia-tional Approaches in One Computer Program;312
9.2.1;Nomenclature;313
9.2.2;1. Introduction;315
9.2.3;2. Analysis;316
9.2.4;3. Numerical Results;331
9.2.5;4. Comments on Application to Two-Dimensional Problems;346
9.2.6;5. Conclusions;352
9.2.7;Appendix;353
9.2.8;References;356
9.3;Chapter 14. Comparison of Finite-Element and Finite-Difference Methods;358
9.3.1;1. Introduction;358
9.3.2;2. A Problem in Wave Mechanics;359
9.3.3;3. Early Literature;368
9.3.4;References;371
9.4;Chapter 15. Incremental Stiffness Method for Finite Element Analysis of the Nonlinear Dynamic Problem;374
9.4.1;1. Introduction;374
9.4.2;2. Review of Literature;375
9.4.3;3. Theoretical Considerations;376
9.4.4;4. Solution Procedure;378
9.4.5;5. Note on Solution Convergence;378
9.4.6;6. Computer Program;380
9.4.7;7. Case Studies;380
9.4.8;8. Discussion and Conclusions;394
9.4.9;Acknowledgments;396
9.4.10;References;396
9.5;Chapter 16. The Lumped-Parameter or Bar-Node Model Approach to Thin-Shell Analysis;398
9.5.1;1. Introduction;398
9.5.2;2. Shallow Shell Equations;400
9.5.3;3. Lumped-Parameter Model;402
9.5.4;4. Boundary Conditions;407
9.5.5;5. Selection of Proper Model;411
9.5.6;6. Conclusions;419
9.5.7;Appendix A. Lumped-Parameter Element Stiffness Matrices;420
9.5.8;References;422
10;PART
IV: LARGE INTERACTIVE DATA BASES;424
10.1;Chapter 17. Design Philosophy of Large Interactive Systems;424
10.1.1;1. Introduction;425
10.1.2;2. Components of Data Base;426
10.1.3;3. Program Design;428
10.1.4;4. Data Structure Design;430
10.1.5;5. Control System Design;432
10.1.6;6. Who Will Do It;433
10.1.7;7. Conclusions;434
10.1.8;References;435
10.2;Chapter 18. Integrated Design of Tanker Structures;436
10.2.1;1. Introduction;436
10.2.2;2. Presentation of the Structural Problem;437
10.2.3;3. Design Procedure;440
10.2.4;4. Synthesis;445
10.2.5;5. Software System;449
10.2.6;6. Concluding Remarks;451
10.2.7;Acknowledgment;451
10.2.8;Appendix I. Automated Design and Optimization Programs;451
10.2.9;Appendix II. Example of BOSS Session;454
10.2.10;References;457
10.3;Chapter 19. The STORE Project (The Structures Oriented Exchange);460
10.3.1;1. Introduction;460
10.3.2;2. Basic Concepts of STORE;462
10.3.3;3. Description of the STORE System;464
10.3.4;4. Use of the STORE System;467
10.3.5;5. Costs;471
10.3.6;6. Distinguishing Characteristics of the STORE System;472
10.3.7;7. Illustrative Example—Typica l STOR E Program Documentation;473
10.3.8;8. Present Status, Conclusions, and Recommendations;478
10.3.9;Appendix A. List of Programs in Project STORE;478
10.3.10;References;479
11;PART
V: NEW CAPABILITIES FOR COMPUTER-BASED ANALYSIS;480
11.1;Chapter 20. Symbolic Computing;480
11.1.1;1. Introduction;480
11.1.2;2. Organization of Data and Data Processors;481
11.1.3;3. The Role of Symbolic Computation in Mechanics;487
11.1.4;4. Discussion and Conclusion;496
11.1.5;References;497
11.2;Chapter 21. A Review of the Capabilities and Limitations of Parallel
and Pipeline Computers;500
11.2.1;1. Introduction;500
11.2.2;2. The Parallel Computer;501
11.2.3;3. The Pipeline Processor;502
11.2.4;4. Parallel and Pipeline;504
11.2.5;5. Parallel and Pipeline Execution Times;505
11.2.6;6. Parallel versus Pipeline : Efficiency;509
11.2.7;7. Languages for the Parallel and Pipeline Computers;511
11.2.8;8. Application Programming;512
11.2.9;9. Performance on Large Problems;513
11.2.10;10. Conclusion;515
11.2.11;Acknowledgments;516
11.2.12;References;516
11.3;Chapter 22. Equation-Solving Algorithms for the Finite-Element Method;518
11.3.1;1. Introduction;518
11.3.2;2. Types of Record Encountered;518
11.3.3;3. Principal Types of Organization;519
11.3.4;4. Gaussian Reduction;522
11.3.5;5. Error Diagnostics;523
11.3.6;6. The Conjugate Gradient
Algorithm;524
11.3.7;7. The Alternating-Direction Approach;529
11.3.8;8. Multivector Iteration;530
11.3.9;9. Conclusions;531
11.3.10;Appendix I. The Prefront with Variable Numbers of Degrees of Freedom at Different Nodes;531
11.3.11;Appendix II. Avoidance of Zeros within the Front;532
11.3.12;References;532
11.4;Chapter 23. FLING— A FORTRAN Language for Interactive Graphics;534
11.4.1;1. Introduction;534
11.4.2;2. Basic Graphic Subroutines;537
11.4.3;3. Example Problems;544
11.4.4;Appendix A. IBM 360 Interface Package;559
12;PART VI.
ERICAL METHODS FOR A CHANGING TECHNOLOGY;564
12.1;Chapter 24. Trends and Directions in the Applications of Numerical Analysis;564
12.1.1;1. Introduction;564
12.1.2;2. Alternative Variational Principles;565
12.1.3;3. Constraint Equation Procedures;568
12.1.4;4. Interdisciplinary Applications;570
12.1.5;5. Concluding Remarks;573
12.1.6;References;575
12.2;Chapter 25. Vehicle Crashworthiness;578
12.2.1;1. Introduction;578
12.2.2;2. Crash Environment;579
12.2.3;3. Injury Causes and Patterns;585
12.2.4;4. Crash Survival;590
12.2.5;5. Conclusions;604
12.2.6;References;605
12.3;Chapter 26. Computational Fracture Mechanics;606
12.3.1;1. Introduction;606
12.3.2;2. Numerical Determination of Elastic Stress Intensity Factors (Two-Dimensional Problems);608
12.3.3;3. Crack Tip Plasticity;613
12.3.4;4. Singular Finite-Element Formation and Results;620
12.3.5;5. Three-Dimensional Problems;635
12.3.6;6. Micromechanic s and Development of Fracture Criteria;637
12.3.7;7. Conclusion;641
12.3.8;Acknowledgment;642
12.3.9;References;642
12.4;Chapter 27. Biomechanics;646
12.4.1;1. Mechanics in Living Systems;646
12.4.2;2. The Tasks of Biomechanics;647
12.4.3;3. A Function-Oriented Taxonomy of the Mechanics of Living Systems;648
12.4.4;4. Characteristics of Biomechanics Problems;652
12.4.5;5. The Role of Numerical Solutions in Biomechanics;654
12.4.6;6. State of the Art Examples of Numerical Solutions in Biomechanics;655
12.4.7;7. Conclusions: Artimechanics, Physimechanics, and Biomechanics;661
12.4.8;References;662
12.5;Chapter 28. The Computer in Ship Structure Design;664
12.5.1;1. Introduction;664
12.5.2;2. Current and Future Developments in Computer Hardware;665
12.5.3;3. Current and Future Developments in Structural Analysis Software;666
12.5.4;4. Relationship between the Computer and the Engineer;666
12.5.5;5. Future Trends in Ship Structure Analysis;667
12.5.6;6. Problems and Useful Techniques in Interactive Analysis;668
12.5.7;7. The Local Analysis Procedure;669
12.5.8;8. The Reduced Substructure Technique (RESS);670
12.5.9;9. Automatic Data Generation and Interpretation of Results;673
12.5.10;10. Data Banks;677
12.5.11;11. Multistep Solutions;678
12.5.12;12. Dynamic Modeling Using Compatible Finite Elements of Different Order;679
12.5.13;13. The Problem of Storage in a Small Computer;681
12.5.14;14. Method of Additional Constraints (MAC);682
12.5.15;15. Variations on the Gauss-Seidel Iterative Technique;685
12.5.16;16. Conclusion;688
12.5.17;Acknowledgments;688
12.5.18;Appendix A. Nomenclature;688
12.5.19;References;689
13;AUTHOR INDEX;690