Etschmaier / Strobel / Genser Control in Transportation Systems 1986

Proceedings of the 5th IFAC/IFIP/IFORS Conference, Vienna, Austria, 8-11 July 1986
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-9811-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 394 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: IFAC Symposia Series

This volume investigates developments in, and management of, transportation systems, future trends and what effects these will have on society. The book studies transportation systems planning; traffic problems and the issue of conservation; the use of logistics, and the role of computers and robotics in traffic control.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Etschmaier, M. M.

Strobel, H.

Genser, R.

Hasegawa, T.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Control in Transportation Systems (1986);4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;PART I: TUTORIAL;11
5.1;Chapter 1. Interactive Alternative Oriented Decision Support System for Committee Decision Making;11
5.1.1;INTRODUCTION;11
5.1.2;THE SATISFICING DECISION PRINCIPLE BASIC ASSUMPTIONS;12
5.1.3;ALTERNATIVE BASED COMMITTEE DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM;13
5.1.4;IMPLEMENTATION OF ALTERNATIVE ORIENTED DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM;18
5.1.5;DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS ANALYSIS;18
5.1.6;REFERENCES;19
6;PART II: SURVEY PAPERS;21
6.1;Chapter 2. Logistics;21
6.1.1;INTRODUCTORY REMARKS;21
6.1.2;TERMINOLOGICAL DISTINCTION: LOGISTICS OPTIMISATION VERSUS TRANSPORT OPTIMISATION;21
6.1.3;THE STRUCTURE OF THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM;22
6.1.4;THE REGULATION POLICY ASPECT;23
6.1.5;EFFECTS OF FIRM'S LOGISTICS POLICIES;23
6.1.6;BIBLIOGRAPHY;26
6.2;Chapter 3. Robotics in Transportation;27
6.2.1;INTRODUCTION;27
6.2.2;ROBOT DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION;28
6.2.3;APPLICATIONS;32
6.2.4;ROBOTS IN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS;33
6.2.5;CONCLUSION;33
6.2.6;REFERENCES;34
6.3;Chapter 4. Computer Controlled Urban Transportation: A Survey of Concepts, Methods, and Experiences;35
6.3.1;1. TRANSPORTATION, AUTONATION, AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT;35
6.3.2;2. AUTOMOBILE TRAFFIC CONTROL;36
6.3.3;3. CONTROL AND MONITORING OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS;45
6.3.4;4. NEW MODES OF URBAN TRANSPORT: AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT;51
6.3.5;REFERENCES;55
7;PART III: CASE STUDIES;57
7.1;Chapter 5. Austrian General Conception of Transportation;57
7.1.1;INTRODUCTION;57
7.1.2;CONCEPTION OF TRANSPORTATION;57
7.1.3;THE OUTLINE OF THE GVK-Oe;58
7.1.4;EXPERIENCES;59
7.1.5;SPECIAL GUIDING OBJECTIVES;62
7.1.6;OBJECTIVES FOR REACHING GOALS AND ADAPTION;62
7.1.7;OUTLOOK;63
7.1.8;REFERENCES;63
7.2;Chapter 6. Improving Driving Behaviour – Some Programmes and Results;65
7.2.1;ACQUIREMENT OF A PARTICULAR DRIVING BEHAVIOUR;65
7.2.2;EXAMPLES FOR MEASURES AND PROGRAMMES FOR IMPROVING DRIVING BEHAVIOUR;65
7.2.3;CONCLUSIONS;67
7.2.4;REFERENCES;67
8;PART IV: TECHNICAL SESSIONS;69
8.1;TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PLANNING;69
8.2;Chapter 7. Transportation Systems Planning in the CSSR;69
8.3;Chapter 8. System Analysis of Coordinated Control Processes in Regional Transportation Systems;75
8.3.1;INTRODUCTION;75
8.3.2;SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF CONTROL PROCESSES;75
8.3.3;CONCLUSION;79
8.3.4;REFERENCES;80
8.4;Chapter 9. Risk Analysis used as a Tool in Selection between Alternative Traffic Systems;81
8.4.1;INTRODUCTION;81
8.4.2;ALTERNATIVES;81
8.4.3;OBJECTIVES;81
8.4.4;THE RISK ANALYSIS;81
8.4.5;CONCLUSIONS OF THE ANALYSIS;82
8.4.6;RISKS ANALYSIS AS A TOOL;83
8.4.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;83
8.4.8;REFERENCES;83
8.5;Chapter 10. Long Term Prediction of Traffic Flow;85
8.5.1;INTRODUCTION;85
8.5.2;CHARACTERIZATION OF TRAFFIC FLOW;85
8.5.3;FEATURE EXTRACTION BY TIME SERIES ANALYSIS;86
8.5.4;LONG TERM PREDICTION;87
8.5.5;PREDICTION BY AUTOREGRESSION;88
8.5.6;PREDICTION BY AUTOREGRESSION;89
8.5.7;CONCLUDING REMARKS;90
8.6;Chapter 11. An Optimal Land Use Design Model with Traffic Congestion;93
8.6.1;INTRODUCTION;93
8.6.2;MODEL FORMULATION;94
8.6.3;SOLUTION PROCEDURE;96
8.6.4;CONCLUSION;97
8.6.5;REFERENCES;97
8.6.6;NUMERICAL EXAMPLE;98
8.7;Chapter 12. Energy Conservation in Transportation;99
8.7.1;INTRODUCTION;99
8.7.2;RAIL, SEA AND AIR TRANSPORT;99
8.7.3;ROAD TRANSPORT;100
8.7.4;ROAD TRAFFIC;101
8.7.5;ROAD CONSTRUCTION;102
8.7.6;CONCLUSION;103
8.7.7;REFERENCES;103
8.8;Chapter 13. Minimising Energy Consumption in a Public Transport System;105
8.8.1;INTRODUCTION;105
8.8.2;ENERGY MINIMISATION AND SUBSTITUTION;106
8.8.3;OVERALL SAVINGS;108
8.8.4;OBSERVATIONS;108
8.8.5;CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS;110
8.8.6;REFERENCES.;110
8.9;Chapter 14. A Network Model for Integrated Energy Transportation System Planning;111
8.9.1;INTRODUCTION;111
8.9.2;A NETWORK MODEL;111
8.9.3;A NEW ALGORITHM;112
8.9.4;FUZZY MINIMUM COST FLOW;113
8.9.5;CONCLUSION;114
8.9.6;REFERENCES;114
9;PART V: LOGISTICS AND INTERMODAL FREIGHT TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT;115
9.1;Chapter 15. Some Aspect of Practice: Control in Logistics;115
9.2;Chapter 16. Some Aspects of Practice: Data Processing in Logistics;117
9.3;Chapter 17. Towards Expert Systems for Goods Distribution Management;119
9.3.1;INTRODUCTION;119
9.3.2;THE NATURE OF OPERATIONAL DECISIONS;119
9.3.3;OPTIMALITY AND DEMAND VARIATION;121
9.3.4;TOWARDS AN EXPERT SYSTEMS APPROACH;122
9.3.5;CONCLUSIONS;123
9.3.6;REFERENCES;123
9.4;Chapter 18. A Modular System for the Vehicle Dispatching Problem;125
9.4.1;INTRODUCTION;125
9.4.2;THE VEHICLE DISPATCHING PROCESS;125
9.4.3;THE MODULAR SYSTEM STRUCTURE;126
9.4.4;THE USE OF THE SYSTEM FOR TACTICAL AND STRATEGIC PURPOSES;128
9.4.5;CONCLUSIONS;128
9.4.6;REFERENCES;129
9.5;Chapter 19. Models of Foodstuff Distribution Organization Channels for Large Urban Agglomerations;131
9.5.1;INTRODUCTION;131
9.5.2;THE FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM;131
9.5.3;THE FRAMEWORK OF THE MODEL;132
9.5.4;SIMPLE INTERACTIVE MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE LINEAR PROGRAMMING /SIMOLP/ PROCEDURE via MPSX/370;136
9.5.5;CONCLUDING REMARKS;137
9.5.6;REFERENCES;137
9.6;Chapter 20. A Disaggregate Model of Intercity Freight Transport Demand;139
9.6.1;INTRODUCTION;139
9.6.2;APPROACH TO THE STUDY;139
9.6.3;THE GENERAL MODEL STRUCTURE;140
9.6.4;DEVELOPMENT OF A DISAGGREGATE DATA BASE;140
9.6.5;MODEL SPECIFICATION;141
9.6.6;ESTIMATION RESULTS;143
9.6.7;FORECASTING WITH THE MODEL;143
9.6.8;APPLICATION OF THE MODEL;144
9.6.9;CONCLUSIONS;145
9.6.10;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;145
9.6.11;REFERENCES;145
9.7;Chapter 21. An Optimal Control of Container Transportation Systems;147
9.7.1;I. INTRODUCTION;147
9.7.2;II. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE PROBLEM;147
9.7.3;Ill. PROBLEM OF THE BIG CONTAINER TRANSPORT;149
9.7.4;IV. PROBLEM OF THE SMALL CONTAINER TRANSPORT;149
9.7.5;V. COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS;150
9.7.6;VI. REFERENCES;150
9.8;Chapter 22. Use of Optimization Procedures for Disposition and Coordination of the Vehicle Use in Transfer Systems;151
9.8.1;GENERAL REMARKS;151
9.8.2;OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURES FOR DISPOSITION;151
9.8.3;OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURES FOR COORDINATION;152
9.8.4;CONCLUDING REMARKS;152
9.8.5;REFERENCES;153
10;PART VI: OPERATIONAL PLANNING AND SCHEDULING;157
10.1;Chapter 23. Operational Planning and Control in Transportation Systems;157
10.1.1;THE OPERATIONAL PLANNING PROCESS;157
10.1.2;MAINTENANCE PLANNING;160
10.1.3;OPERATIONS CONTROL;161
10.1.4;LEARNING PROCESSES;162
10.1.5;REFERENCES;162
10.2;Chapter 24. On-line Railway Traffic Planning and Control System;165
10.2.1;INTRODUCTION;165
10.2.2;ALGEBRAIC MODEL OF A PLANNING SYSTEM;166
10.2.3;DATA BASE FOR THE PLANNING;167
10.2.4;ALGORITHM OP PLANNING;168
10.2.5;IMPLEMENTATION;169
10.2.6;REFERENCES;169
10.3;Chapter 25. Automatic Compilation of Timetables for the Hong Kong Subway;171
10.3.1;INTRODUCTION;171
10.3.2;THE MTRC SYSTEM;171
10.3.3;THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE TIMETABLES;171
10.3.4;THE ALGORITHMS;172
10.3.5;CONCLUSION;173
10.3.6;REFERENCES;173
10.4;Chapter 26. Modelling, Optimization and Control of Subway Systems;175
10.4.1;INTRODUCTION;175
10.4.2;MODIFIED SCHEDULES;177
10.4.3;SIMULATION RESULTS;177
10.4.4;CONCLUSIONS;178
10.4.5;REFERENCES;178
10.5;Chapter 27. The Use of Repeated Step Simulation for Controlling the Transportation Process;179
10.5.1;INTRODUCTION;179
10.5.2;SUBJECT OF SIMULATION;179
10.5.3;IDEA OF REPEATED STEP SIMULATION;180
10.5.4;SPECIFICATION OF DECISION VARIABLES;180
10.5.5;MODEL CONSTRAINTS;181
10.5.6;OPTIMISATION CRITERIA;182
10.5.7;CONCLUSIONS;182
11;PART VII: COMPUTERIZED OPERATION AND CONTROL OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS;183
11.1;Chapter 28. Energy Reduction by Dynamic Train Control;183
11.1.1;COAST CONTROL;183
11.1.2;VOLTAGE DEPENDENCE OF COASTING;183
11.1.3;CHOICE OF CONTROL CRITERIA;184
11.1.4;A BROADER APPROACH;184
11.1.5;PARAMETER SPECIFICATION;184
11.1.6;SYSTEM STATE;184
11.1.7;FUZZY CONCEPTS;184
11.1.8;FUZZY CONTROL;185
11.1.9;APPLICATION;185
11.1.10;CONCLUSIONS;185
11.1.11;REFERENCES;185
11.2;Chapter 29. Modelling, Simulation and Control of the Traffic at the Terminus Stations of Urban Underground Railway Lines;189
11.2.1;INTRODUCTION;189
11.2.2;1. LINEAR MODEL, OPTIMAL CONTROL STATE-SPACE FORMULATIONS AND OPTIMAL COMTROL;189
11.2.3;2. BRUSSELS UNDERGROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM;190
11.2.4;3. MODEL EXTENSION;190
11.2.5;4. SIMULATION RESULTS;192
11.2.6;CONCLUSIONS;193
11.2.7;REFERENCES;193
11.2.8;AKNOWLEDGMENT;193
11.3;Chapter 30. Development of SIMTRACS and its Applications;195
11.3.1;INTRODUCTION;195
11.3.2;AIM OF SIMTRACS;195
11.3.3;BASIC CONCEPT OF SIMTRACS CONSTRUCTION;196
11.3.4;FUNCTION OF SIMTRACS;196
11.3.5;HARDWARE CONFIGURATION;198
11.3.6;APPLICATIONS TO ADJUSTMENT ALGORITHMS;198
11.3.7;CONCLUSIONS;199
11.3.8;REFERENCES;199
11.4;Chapter 31. Mathematical Modelling and Control of Passenger Traffic;201
11.4.1;INTRODUCTION;201
11.4.2;PASSENGER TRAFFIC ANALYSIS;202
11.4.3;MATHEMATICAL MODELLING AND AUTOMATED SEAT RESERVATION SYSTEMS;202
11.4.4;CONCLUSION;204
11.4.5;REFERENCES;205
12;PART VIII: ROAD TRAFFIC MODELLING AND CONTROL;207
12.1;Chapter 32. The Traffic Control System on the Hanshin Expressway – Further Development;207
12.1.1;INTRODUCTION;207
12.1.2;TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM ON THE HANSHIN EXPRESSWAY;208
12.1.3;CONFIGURATION OF THE TRACCIC CONTROL SYSTEM;210
12.1.4;FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS AND CONCLUSION;212
12.1.5;REFERENCES;212
12.2;Chapter 33. A Tool for the Evaluation of Traffic Schemes (PHEDRE);213
12.2.1;INTRODUCTION;213
12.2.2;I - THE PROGRAMME AND ITS DIFFERENT MODULES;213
12.2.3;II. APPLICATIONS;217
12.2.4;III. CONCLUSIONS;217
12.2.5;REFERENCES;218
12.3;Chapter 34. Decentralization vs Hierarchy in Optimal Traffic Control;219
12.3.1;INTRODUCTION;219
12.3.2;INTERSECTION OPTIMIZATION;219
12.3.3;HIERARCHICAL APPROACH (PRODYN-H);220
12.3.4;FIRST DECENTRALIZED APPROACH - PRODYN-D2;221
12.3.5;SECOND DECENTRALIZED APPROACH PRODYN-D2;221
12.3.6;CONCLUSION;223
12.3.7;REFERENCES;224
12.3.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;224
12.4;Chapter 35. Development of Fuzzy Traffic Control System on Urban Expressway;225
12.4.1;INTRODUCTION;225
12.4.2;FUZZINESS IN TRAFFIC CONTROL;225
12.4.3;FUZZY TRAFFIC CONTROL MODEL;226
12.4.4;DEVELOPEMENT OF FUZZY CONTROL SYSTEM;229
12.4.5;CONCLUSION;230
12.4.6;REFERENCES;230
12.5;Chapter 36. A General Functional Structure for Traffic Actuated Local Controllers;231
12.5.1;INTRODUCTION;231
12.5.2;AN ANALYSIS OF THE CONTROL CONSTRAINTS;232
12.5.3;A HIERARCHICAL CONTROL STRUCTURE;233
12.5.4;A SIMPLE CONTROL STRATEGY;234
12.5.5;SIMULATION RESULTS;235
12.5.6;CONCLUSIONS;236
12.5.7;APPENDIX;236
12.6;Chapter 37. Interactions between Road Traffic Assignment and Signal Timing, A Simplified Model;237
12.6.1;INTRODUCTION;237
12.6.2;ASSIGNMENT AND TRAFFIC CONTROL ON A LINEAR CAPACITED NETWORK;238
12.6.3;USE OF LIMITATIONS OF CAPACITY;239
12.6.4;CYCLE SPLITS INTO PHASES;240
12.6.5;OFFSETS BETWEEN INTERSECTIONS;241
12.6.6;CONCLUSION;241
12.6.7;REFERENCES;242
12.7;Chapter 38. CALIFE: On-line Calculation of Fixed Time Plans;243
12.7.1;INTRODUCTION;243
12.7.2;GENERAL WORKING STRUCTURE;243
12.7.3;THE PREDICTION MODEL;244
12.7.4;PLAN CALCULATION AND PLAN CHANGE METHODS;244
12.7.5;THE EVALUATION PROCEDURE;245
12.7.6;CONCLUSION;246
12.7.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;246
12.7.8;REFERENCES;246
12.8;Chapter 39. An Extended Traffic Flow Model for Inner Urban Freeways;249
12.8.1;INTRODUCTION;249
12.8.2;BASIC TRAFFIC FLOW MODEL;249
12.8.3;MODEL EXTENSIONS;251
12.8.4;MODEL VERIFICATION;252
12.8.5;CONCLUSIONS;253
12.8.6;REFERENCES;254
12.9;Chapter 40. A Simulation for the Evaluation of Signal Control at Traffic Networks;255
12.9.1;INTRODUCTION;255
12.9.2;MAJOR FEATURES FOR THE MODEL;255
12.9.3;BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEW MODEL;255
12.9.4;SIMULATION OF THE TRAFFIC STREAM ON THE STREET;256
12.9.5;SIMULATION OF INDIVIDUAL VEHICLE ARRIVAL;257
12.9.6;SIMULATION OF RIGHT-TURN VEHICLES' BEHAVIOR;257
12.9.7;SIMULATION OF FLUCTUATION OF THE TRAFFIC FLOW;257
12.9.8;SIMULATION OF VEHICLE DETECTION;257
12.9.9;VALIDATION AND PERFORMANCE CHECK;258
12.9.10;SIMULATION OF THE SIGNAL CONTROL IN A TRAFFIC NETWORK;260
12.9.11;RESULTS;260
12.9.12;SUMMARY AND FUTURE;260
12.9.13;REFERENCES;260
12.10;Chapter 41. Equilibrium Network Control System Design;261
12.10.1;INTRODUCTION;261
12.10.2;STATE OF ART;261
12.10.3;THE PROPOSED PROCEDURE;263
12.10.4;AN APPLICATION TO A TEST NETWORK;264
12.10.5;CONCLUSIONS;267
12.10.6;REFERENCES;268
12.11;Chapter 42. An Equilibrium Model for the Environmental Orientated Design of Traffic Networks;271
12.11.1;INTRODUCTION;271
12.11.2;THE STATIONARY QUEUING MODEL;271
12.11.3;MODE CHOICE MODEL;272
12.11.4;LENGTHS OF QUEUE;273
12.11.5;NONSTATIONARY TIME PERIOD;274
12.11.6;CONVERGENCE;275
12.11.7;CONCLUSION;275
12.11.8;REFERENCES;276
12.12;Chapter 43. Traffic Equilibria and its Solution in Congested Road Networks;277
12.12.1;INTRODUCTION;277
12.12.2;TRAVEL TIME ON A CONGESTED LINK;277
12.12.3;TRAFFIC EQUILIBRIA;278
12.12.4;SOLUTION BY MULTIPLIER METHOD;279
12.12.5;SOLUTION BY PENALTY FUNCTION METHOD;280
12.12.6;COMPUTATIONAL EXAMPLES;281
12.12.7;CONCLUSION;282
12.12.8;REFERENCES;282
13;PART IX: NEW SYSTEMS;283
13.1;Chapter 44. The Automatic Train Control and Safety Technology of the M-Bahn Public Transit System;283
13.1.1;THE SPECIFIC FEATURE OF THE M-BAHN SYSTEM;283
13.1.2;FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF THE AUTOMATIC TRAIN OPERATION AND SAFETY SYSTEM;285
13.1.3;THE INTEGRATED CONTROL CENTRE WITH THE MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE;286
13.1.4;SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY;286
13.1.5;FUNCTIONS OF THE SAFETY SYSTEM;288
13.1.6;THE BERLIN M-BAHN SCHEME;289
13.1.7;REFERENCES;289
13.2;Chapter 45. The Up-to-date Design of the Public Transportation System known as T.A.U.;291
13.2.1;THE PROBLEMS OF URBAN TRANSPORT;291
13.2.2;THE OBJECTIVES OF TAU SYSTEM : An optimized system;292
13.2.3;THE T.A.U. SYSTEM - A NEW OVERALL APPROACH TO URBAN TRANSPORT;292
13.2.4;PERFORMANCES, SAFETY, AVAILABILITY;292
13.2.5;QUALITY OF SERVICE;293
13.2.6;SUBSYSTEMS OF THE T.A.U. SYSTEM;293
13.2.7;CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS;296
13.2.8;TEST NETWORK;296
13.2.9;CONCLUSIONS;297
13.3;Chapter 46. Optimal Trajectory Control of Vehicles in a Guided Automatic Urban Taxi System "AXAR";299
13.3.1;INTRODUCTION;299
13.3.2;THE NETWORK;299
13.3.3;OPERATING OF THE SYSTEM;300
13.3.4;OPTIMAL TRAJECTORY CONTROL OF VEHICLES;301
13.3.5;ON LINE MICROPROCESSOR;302
13.3.6;WORKING SIMULATION;303
13.3.7;CONCLUSION;304
13.3.8;REFERENCES;304
13.4;Chapter 47. Technical and Operational Results of a Flexible Mode Control System for Public Transit;305
13.4.1;INTRODUCTION;305
13.4.2;CONCEPT AND TECHNICAL REALIZATION;305
13.4.3;DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTUAL OPERATION IN LAKE CONSTANCE COUNTY;309
13.4.4;RESULTS OF THE OPERATION;310
13.4.5;SUMMARY AND FUTURE PROSPECTS;312
13.4.6;REFERENCES;312
14;PART X: MAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS;313
14.1;Chapter 48. A Visual Surveillance System for Traffic Collision Avoidance Control;313
14.1.1;INTRODUCTION;313
14.1.2;DETECTION OF MOVING OBJECTS;313
14.1.3;COLLISION PREVENTION IN TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT;314
14.1.4;CONCLUSION;315
14.1.5;ACKOWLEDGEMENTS;316
14.1.6;REFERENCES;316
14.2;Chapter 49. Route Guidance System for Automobile Drivers by Speech Synthesis;319
14.2.1;INTRODUCTION;319
14.2.2;PRINCIPLE OF SYSTEM DESIGN;319
14.2.3;STRUCTURE OF THE SYSTEM;320
14.2.4;CONTROL IN THE ROUTE GUIDANCE SYSTEM;322
14.2.5;EXPERIMENTS OF THE SYSTEM;322
14.2.6;DISCUSSION;324
14.2.7;CONCLUSIONS;324
14.2.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;324
14.2.9;REFERENCES;324
14.3;Chapter 50. TRUC: Transmission of Useful Data to Driver;325
14.3.1;1. PURPOSE OF SYSTEM;325
14.3.2;2. DESCRIPTION OF PRESENT SYSTEM;325
14.3.3;3. DEFECTS OF PRESENT SYSTEM;326
14.3.4;4. DESCRIPTION OF TRUC;326
14.3.5;5. CONSTRUCTION OF HARDWARE;327
14.3.6;6. SOFTWARE;327
14.3.7;7. OPERATING THE SYSTEM;328
15;PART XI: RELIABILITY AND SAFETY;331
15.1;Chapter 51. Reliability and Safety in Electronic Interlocking;331
15.1.1;1. Introduction;331
15.1.2;2. Reliability and Safety;332
15.1.3;3. Different Characteristics;332
15.1.4;4. Faults in computer systems;333
15.1.5;5. Physical Faults;333
15.1.6;6. Design Faults;335
15.1.7;7. Summary;338
15.1.8;References;338
15.2;Chapter 52. ELEKTRA: A System Architecture that Applies new Principles to Electronic Interlocking;339
15.2.1;INTRODUCTION;339
15.2.2;SAFETY AND RELIABILITY;340
15.2.3;VOTING TRIPLE MODULAR COMPUTING SYSTEM (VOTRICS);341
15.2.4;THE SAFETY BAG TECHNIQUE;343
15.2.5;THE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE OF ELEKTRA;344
15.2.6;CONCLUSIONS;345
15.2.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;346
15.2.8;REFERENCES;346
15.3;Chapter 53. Design of a Self-checking Microprocessor for Real-time Applications;347
15.3.1;INTRODUCTION;347
15.3.2;I - PRINCIPLES OF THE DESIGN OF SELF-CHECKING CIRCUITS;347
15.3.3;II - DESIGN OF COBRA;349
15.3.4;III CONCLUSION;353
15.3.5;REFERENCES;353
15.4;Chapter 54. The Programmable Railway Signalling Interlocking;355
15.4.1;INTRODUCTION;355
15.4.2;DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM;355
15.4.3;SAFETY AND RELIABILITY;357
15.4.4;EXTENSION OF THE PROGRAMMABLE INTERLOCKING;358
15.4.5;DESIGN OF THE DATA BASE;358
15.4.6;FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS;358
15.4.7;CONCLUSIONS;359
15.5;Chapter 55. Safety System Structure and Approval Methodology of the MAGLEV Plant in Emsland;361
15.5.1;INTRODUCTION;361
15.5.2;SAFETY PHILOSOPHY;361
15.5.3;SAFETY SYSTEM STRUCTURE;362
15.5.4;CONCEPT AND REALIZATION OF THE SAFETY-UNITS;363
15.5.5;APPROVAL METHODOLOGY;364
15.5.6;SUMMARY;364
15.5.7;REFERENCES;365
15.6;Chapter 56. Verification of Safety Related Programs for a MAGLEV System;367
15.6.1;THE SYSTEM BACKGROUND;367
15.6.2;ANALYSIS AND TEST TWO NECESSARY PARTS OF VERIFICATION;367
15.6.3;SOME PRACTICAL DETAILS OF THE VERIFICATION METHOD;368
15.6.4;ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE ANALYSIS;370
15.6.5;EXPENSE AND RANGE OF APPLICATION;370
15.6.6;REFERENCES;371
15.7;Chapter 57. Maintenance, Operation and Driving Assisting System;375
15.7.1;I - MAIN FEATURES;375
15.7.2;II - SAFETY;376
15.7.3;Ill - SOFTWARE SAFETY;377
15.7.4;IV - MAINTENANCE;377
15.7.5;V - CONCLUSION;378
16;PART XII: RELIABILITY AND SAFETY OF PIPELINES;381
16.1;Chapter 58. Computer Control — Key to Effective Pipeline Operation;381
16.1.1;STATPIPE SYSTEM;381
16.1.2;PIPELINE CONTROL CENTER;381
16.1.3;PIPELINE CONTROL SYSTEM;382
16.1.4;TELECOMMUNICATION;382
16.1.5;INSTRUMENTATION;383
16.1.6;REAL-TIME AND PREDICTION SIMULATION PROGRAMS;384
16.2;Chapter 59. Safety Analysis for a Pipeline-control-system;387
16.2.1;INTRODUCTION;387
16.2.2;QUALITY ASSURANCE;387
16.2.3;REQUIREMENTS CLASSES;388
16.2.4;EXAMPLE OF A SAFETY PROOF;388
16.2.5;CONCLUSION;389
16.2.6;FIGURES;389
17;Author Index;393
18;Subject Index;395