De Rosa / Auriemma Crystals and Crystallinity in Polymers

Diffraction Analysis of Ordered and Disordered Crystals
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-118-69079-6
Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 480 Seiten, E-Book

Provides the tools needed to master and apply thefundamentals of polymer crystallography
Using core concepts in physics, chemistry, polymer science andengineering, this book sheds new light on the complex field ofpolymer crystallography, enabling readers to evaluate polymercrystallization data and determine the best methods to use fortheir investigations. The authors set forth a variety of tested andproven methods for analyzing ordered and disordered structures inpolymer crystals, including X-ray diffraction, electrondiffraction, and microscopy. In addition to the basics, the bookexplores several advanced and emerging topics in the field such assymmetry breaking, frustration, and the principle of density-drivenphase formation.
Crystals and Crystallinity in Polymers introduces two newconcepts in crystallinity and crystals in synthetic polymers.First, crystallinity in polymeric materials is compatible with theabsence of true three-dimensional long-range order. Second, thedisorder may be described as a structural feature, using themethods of X-ray scattering and electron diffraction analysis.
The book begins by introducing the basic principles and methodsfor building structural models for the conformation of polymercrystal chains. Next, it covers:
* Packing of macromolecules in polymer crystals
* Methods for extracting structural parameters from diffractiondata
* Defects and disorder in polymer crystals
* Analytical methods for diffuse scattering from disorderedpolymer structures
* Crystal habit
* Influence of crystal defects and structural disorder on thephysical and mechanical properties of polymeric materials
Crystals and Crystallinity in Polymers examines all thepossible types of structural disorder generally present in polymercrystals and describes the influence of each kind of disorder onX-ray and electron diffraction patterns. Its comprehensive, expertcoverage makes it possible for readers to learn and apply thefundamentals of polymer crystallography to solve a broad range ofproblems.

Autoren/Hrsg.

De Rosa, Claudio

Auriemma, Finizia

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Chapter 1 Configuration and Conformation of Macromolecules in Polymer Crystals
1.1 Crystals of polymers
1.2 Constitution and configuration of crystalline polymers
1.3 Conformation
1.4 Relationships among internal parameters of macromolecules
1.5 Conformation of polymer chains in the crystalline state
1.6 Helical conformations in isotactic and syndiotactic polymers
1.7 Conformational energy calculations
1.8 Helical conformation and optical activity
1.9 Alternating copolymers
1.10 Polydienes
1.11 Non helical chain conformations of isotactic polymers
References Chapter 1
Chapter 2 Packing of macromolecules in polymer crystals
2.1 General principles
2.2 The principle of density (entropy)-driven phase formation in polymers
2.3 Symmetry breaking
2.4 Impact of chain folding on crystal structure symmetry
2.5 Frustrated Polymer Crystal Structures
2.6 Chiral crystallization of polymers with helical chain conformations
2.7 Packing effects on the conformation of polymer chains in the crystals: the case of aliphatic polyamides
References Chapter 2
Chapter 3
3.1 X-ray diffraction of semicrystalline polymers
3.2 Fourier synthesis and the phase problem in crystallography
3.3 X-ray fiber diffraction analysis
3.4 Determination of parameters of the unit cell and indexing of the diffraction pattern
3.5 Measure of the integrated intensities of the reflections and corrections for geometrical (Lorentz), polarization and absorption factors
3.6 Calculation of Structure Factors
3.7 Structural refinement
3.8 Form of diffraction pattern and broadening due to the Laue function
References Chapter 3
Chapter 4 Defects and Disorder in Polymer Crystals
4.1 Classification of different types of structural disorder
4.2 Crystals with partial three-dimensional order (Class A)Disorder with three-dimensional periodicity maintained only for some characterizing points of the structure
4.3 Solid mesophases
References Chapter 4
Chapter 5 Methods of Analysis of Diffuse Scattering from Disordered Structures of Polymers
5.1 Structural disorder and diffuse scattering
5.2 Methods of diffraction analysis from disordered crystals
5.3 Long Range Order in Disordered Lattices of Class A
5.4 Short Range Order in Disordered Crystals of Class A
5.5 Short Range Order in Disordered Crystals with Substitution type Disorder
5.6 Short Range vs Long Range Order in Disordered Crystals of Class B and C (Solid Mesophases)
5.7 Disordered Models with Perturbations Occurring over Continuous Ranges
5.8 Basic formulas for the calculation of X-ray Diffraction Intensity from Disordered Model Structures of Polymers
5.9 Examples of calculation of average diffracted intensity of structures disordered in one dimension
5.10 Integration method of diffraction intensity for cylindrically and spherical surfaces in the reciprocal space
References Chapter 5
Chapter 6 Crystal habit
6.1 Basic remark
6.2 Rounded lateral habits
6.3 Chain folding, molecular orientation and sectorization
6.4 Twinning and secondary nucleation theory
6.5 Homoepitaxy, morphology, stem orientation and polymorphism
References Chapter 6
Chapter 7 Influence of Crystal Defects and Structural Disorder on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Polymeric Materials
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Stress induced phase transformations during deformation
7.3 Isotactic polypropylene
7.4 Syndiotactic Polypropylene
References Chapter 7

Über Autor(innen)

CLAUDIO DE ROSA, PhD, is Full Professor of Industrial andMacromolecular Chemistry at the University of Napoli. His researchexamines the relationships between molecular structure and thephysical properties of polymers. He also studies polymers that forminto nanostructures by self-assembly.
FINIZIA AURIEMMA, PhD, is Associate Professor ofIndustrial and Macromolecular Chemistry at the University ofNapoli. She conducts theoretical and experimental studies ofpartially ordered macromolecular systems and polymer gels.