Metabolic Syndrome Pathophysiology

The Role of Essential Fatty Acids
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-0-8138-1553-4
Verlag: Wiley

Buch, Englisch, 268 Seiten, Format (B × H): 175 mm x 246 mm, Gewicht: 717 g

Metabolic Syndrome Pathophysiology: The Role of Essential Fatty Acids provides current research exploring the links among insulin, insulin receptors, polyunsaturated fatty acids, brain growth and disease. Specific interactions of essential fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in brain development and several disease groups are described. The role of inflammation in disease and how fatty acids regulate low-systemic inflammation are examined and explained. Metabolic and neurologic dynamics are presented to provide a linkage between the presence of omega-3 and omega-6 and protection against diseases and conditions such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, autoimmune diseases and hypertension.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Das, Undurti N

Fachgebiete

• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Medizin, Gesundheitswesen Ernährungsmedizin, Diätetik
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Klinische und Innere Medizin Endokrinologie
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Klinische und Innere Medizin Stoffwechselstörungen

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface xiii

1 Introduction 1

2 History, Definition, and Diagnosis of the Metabolic Syndrome 4

Historical Aspects of the Metabolic Syndrome 4

Definition and Diagnosis of the Metabolic Syndrome Suggested by Various Groups and Associations 5

3 Insulin Resistance in the Metabolic Syndrome 13

Is Insulin Resistance Responsible for the Metabolic Syndrome? 13

Exercise and Insulin Resistance 14

Anti-inflammatory Nature of Exercise 15

4 Is It Necessary to Redefine the Metabolic Syndrome? 22

Criteria 23

5 Is Insulin Resistance a Disorder of the Brain? 26

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Tones and Insulin Resistance 26

Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal Pathway and Parasympathetic and Sympathetic System, and GLUT-4 and Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Y in Insulin Resistance, Obesity, and the Metabolic Syndrome 27

Interaction(s) among NPY, Leptin, GLUT-4, Melanocortin, and Insulin and Its Relevance to Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and the Metabolic Syndrome 29

Insulin and Brain 31

Insulin and Brain Monoamines 34

Obesity and Basal Energy Expenditure 39

6 Obesity 43

Definition of Obesity 44

Incidence and Prevalence of Obesity 44

Obesity Could Run in the Family 45

Growth of Fast Food Industry and Obesity 45

Why Is Obesity Harmful? 46

Genetics of Obesity 47

Gene Expression Profile in Obesity 49

Biochemical and Functional Differences between Adipose Cells of Different Regions 49

Intramyocellular Lipid Content and Insulin Resistance 51

Intramyocellular Lipid Droplets and Insulin Resistance 53

Intramyocellular Lipid Droplets, Insulin Resistance, Perilipins, and HSL 54

Perilipins in Humans 55

Factors Regulating the Expression and Action of Perilipin 56

Perilipins and Inflammation 59

Low-grade Systemic Inflammation Occurs in Obesity 59

What Causes Abdominal Obesity? 61

11ß-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (11ß-HSD-1) Enzyme and Obesity 61

Glucocorticoids and Perilipins 63              

Glucocorticoids, TNF-a, and Inflammation 64

Perilipins, 11ß-HSD-1, and Abdominal Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome in High-Risk Groups Such as South Asians 65

7 Perinatal Nutrition and Obesity 74

Appetite Regulatory Centers Develop during the Perinatal Period 74

Ventromedial Hypothalamus Plays a Significant Role in the Development of Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and the Metabolic Syndrome 76

Glucokinase in Hypothalamic Neurons and VMH Lesion in Goto-Kakizaki Rats and Their Relationship to Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and the Metabolic Syndrome 77

Insulin and Insulin Receptors in the Brain and Their Role in the Pathobiology of Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and the Metabolic Syndrome 78

NPY, Insulin, and Nitric Oxide in Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and the Metabolic Syndrome 80

Insulin, Endothelial Nitric Oxide, and Metabolic Syndrome 81

Perinatal Programming of Adult Diseases 81

Fetal Nutrition Influences the Developing Neuroendocrine Hypothalamus 82

8 Essential Hypertension 86

Prevalence and Incidence of Hypertension 86

Free Radicals in the Pathobiology of Hypertension 88

Increase in Superoxide Anion Production in Hypertension: How and Why? 89

Mechanism(s) of Induction of Hypertension by Superoxide Anion 91

Role of NO in Hypertension 92

Salt, Cyclosporine, and Calcium Modulate O2-. and Endothelial NO Generation 94

L-Arginine, NO, and Asymmetrical Dimethylarginine in Hypertension and Pre-eclampsia 95

Antihypertensive Drugs Suppress Superoxide Anion and Enhance NO Generation 97

Transforming Growth Factor-ß, NO, and Hypertension 97

9 Dietary Factors and Hypertension 105

Carbohydrate-rich and High-fat Diet and Hypertension 105

Fructose-induced Hypertension and Insulin Resistance and Its Modulation by Dietary Salt 106

Energy-dense Diet, Salt, and Hypertension 106

Diet-induced Hypertension, Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, and Nitric Oxide 107

High-sugar and High-fat-induced Hypertension and Reactive Oxygen Species and Nitric Oxide 108

High-fructose and Salt-induced Hypertension and Insulin Resistance 109

High-fat and High-carbohydrate-induced Hypertension and Sympathetic Nervous Activity 111

10 Is Hypertension a Disorder of the Brain? 113

NO Synthase (NOS) Activity in the Brain, Kidney, and Endothelium and Its Relationship to Hypertension 114

Reduced Hypothalamic NOS Produces Hypertension without Altering Hypothalamic Blood Flow 115

Hypothalamic NO Regulates Sympathetic Outflow 116

Steroid-induced Hypertension and Hypothalamus 117

Exercise Enhances Hypothalamic NOS Activity 119

Both Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hence the Metabolic Syndrome Are Disorders of the Brain 119

11 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 122

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus 122

Pathobiology of Type 1 Diabetes 123

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 125

Diagnostic Criteria for DM 126

Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Impaired Fasting Glucose 127

Definition of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus 127

Diagnostic Criteria for GDM 127

12 Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Particular Reference to Hypothalamus 130

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus as a Disorder of the Brain 130

Liver Communicates with the Brain through the Vagus 131

Liver and Pancreatic ß Cells Communicate with Each Other through the Vagus 132

The Gut-brain-liver Axis Is Activated by Long-chain Fatty Acids (LCFAs or LCPUFAs) 132

BDNF and Obesity 136

BDNF and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Humans 137

Insulin, Melanocortin, and BDNF 138

Ghrelin, Leptin, and BDNF 138

Low-grade Systemic Infl

Über Autor(innen)

Undurti N. Das, M.D. is the Chairman and Research Director of UND Life Sciences, USA and Ramalingaswami Fellow of the Department of Biotechnology, India. Dr Das is also the Editor-in-Chief of the journal Lipids in Health and Disease. He has published more than 400 international publications and has been awarded four USA patents.