E-Book, Englisch, Band 697, 318 Seiten, eBook
E-Book, Englisch, Band 697, 318 Seiten, eBook
Reihe: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
ISBN: 978-1-4419-7185-2
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
Zielgruppe
Research
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Preface;4
2;Acknowledgments;5
3;Contents;6
4;Contributors;8
5;The Value of Vaccination;12
5.1;1 Population Health and Economic Well-Being;12
5.2;2 A New Paradigm for the Value of Vaccination;16
5.3;3 Applications of the New Approach;17
5.4;4 Two Calls to Action;18
6;References;19
7;Recent Trends in Global Immunisation;20
7.1;1 Introduction;20
7.2;2 Official Development Assistance at the Global Level;20
7.3;3 Health Progress is Possible;21
7.4;4 The GAVI Alliance, Formerly the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation;22
7.5;5 Polio Eradication Still Somewhat Problematic;23
7.6;6 Recent Developments in Malaria;23
7.7;7 HIV/AIDS Vaccine A Long Way to Go;24
7.8;8 Measles Remains a Threat;25
7.9;9 Anti-Vaccine Activists are a Real Danger;25
7.10;10 Conclusion;26
8;References;27
9;New Advances in Typhoid Fever Vaccination Strategies;28
9.1;1 Introduction;28
9.2;2 Typhoid Fever Epidemiology;29
9.3;3 Typhoid Fever: Clinical Presentation and Outcome;30
9.3.1;3.1 Diagnosis;31
9.3.2;3.2 Management;32
9.4;4 Control Strategies;32
9.4.1;4.1 Antimicrobial Resistance;33
9.4.2;4.2 Vaccination;34
9.4.2.1;4.2.1 Ty21a;36
9.4.2.2;4.2.2 Vi Capsular Polysaccharide;38
9.4.2.3;4.2.3 New Vaccines in Pipeline;38
9.4.3;4.3 Perceived Risk of Disease and Vaccination Acceptance;40
9.4.4;4.4 The Market (Vaccine Demand and Supply);40
9.4.4.1;4.4.1 Vaccination Strategies;41
9.4.4.2;4.4.2 Determining Endemicity;42
9.5;5 Population Impact;42
9.5.1;5.1 Guangxi Province, China;42
9.5.2;5.2 National Immunization Program, Vietnam;43
9.5.3;5.3 Delhi State, India;44
9.5.4;5.4 Disease of Most Impoverished (DOMI) Studies in South and SouthEast Asia;44
9.6;6 Conclusion;46
10;References;46
11;Prevention of Vertical Transmission of HIVin Resource-Limited Countries;51
11.1;1 Introduction Global Status of Efforts to Prevent Vertical Transmission of HIV;51
11.2;2 Program Experience;52
11.2.1;2.1 Thailand and Botswana National Programs;52
11.2.1.1;2.1.1 Thailand;52
11.2.1.2;2.1.2 Botswana;53
11.2.2;2.2 Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation Program and Experience;53
11.3;3 Lessons Learned;56
11.3.1;3.1 Counseling;56
11.3.2;3.2 Testing;56
11.3.3;3.3 ARV Prophylaxis;56
11.3.4;3.4 Uptake of Maternal and Infant Prophylaxis;57
11.3.5;3.5 HIV Testing in Labor and Delivery;58
11.4;4 Modeling Service Coverage;58
11.4.1;4.1 2000--2002;60
11.4.2;4.2 2003--2005;60
11.4.3;4.3 2006--2008;61
11.5;5 Effectiveness of Prevention of Vertical Transmission Programs: The PEARL Study;61
11.6;6 Importance of Identifying Pregnant Women Eligible for ART;62
11.7;7 Prevention of Vertical Transmission During Breastfeeding;63
11.8;8 Conclusion;65
12;References;65
13;Pneumonia in Children in Developing Countries;68
13.1;1 Introduction;68
13.2;2 Aetiology;68
13.3;3 Standard Management;69
13.4;4 Which Children Need an Antibiotic;70
13.5;5 Which Children Need Admission;71
13.6;6 Which Children Have Very Severe Pneumonia;71
13.7;7 Which Antibiotic for Outpatients With Non-severe Pneumonia;72
13.8;8 Which Antibiotics for Severe Pneumonia;73
13.9;9 Which Antibiotics for Very Severe Pneumonia;74
13.10;10 Oxygen Therapy;75
13.11;11 Fluid Therapy;75
13.12;12 Fever;75
13.13;13 Neonates, Malnutrition and HIV;76
13.14;14 Overall Effect of Case Management;76
13.15;15 Immunisation;76
13.16;16 Conclusion;77
14;References;80
15;Darwin, Microbes and Evolution by Natural Selection;85
15.1;1 Darwin, Microbes and Evolution by Natural Selection;85
15.2;Box 1;92
16;References;93
17;Human Herpesvirus 6;95
18;References;98
19;Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Central Venous Access Device Infections in Children;99
19.1;1 Introduction;99
19.2;2 Types of Devices Used in Children for Central Venous Access;100
19.2.1;2.1 Temporary CVAD;100
19.2.2;2.2 Permanent, Tunnelled CVAD;100
19.3;3 Pathogenesis;101
19.3.1;3.1 Common Organisms;101
19.4;4 Epidemiology;102
19.5;5 Diagnosis;103
19.6;6 Prevention;104
19.7;7 Management;105
19.7.1;7.1 Antimicrobial Therapy;105
19.7.2;7.2 New Strategies;106
19.8;8 Antimicrobial Lock Therapy (ALT);106
19.9;9 Ethanol Locks;107
19.10;10 Hydrochloric Acid Locks;107
19.11;11 Taurolidine Citrate Locks (TauroLock);109
19.12;12 Urokinase Locks and Infusions;109
19.13;13 Conclusions;109
20;References;110
21;Moraxella catarrhalis -- Pathogen or Commensal?;115
21.1;1 Introduction;116
21.2;2 Phylogenetic Evidence for Virulence;116
21.3;3 Expression of Virulence Factors;117
21.3.1;3.1 Complement Resistance;117
21.3.2;3.2 Adherence to Human Epithelial Cells;117
21.3.3;3.3 Colonization and Immune Response;118
21.3.4;3.4 Biofilm Formation;119
21.3.5;3.5 Cellular Invasion;120
21.3.6;3.6 Proinflammatory Activity of Moraxella catarrhalis ;120
21.4;4 Cold Shock Response of Moraxella catarrhalis ;120
21.5;5 Summary;122
22;References;122
23;Anaerobic Infections in Children;125
23.1;1 Introduction;125
23.2;2 Microbiology;126
23.2.1;2.1 Gram-Positive Spore-Forming Bacilli;126
23.2.2;2.2 Gram-Positive Non-Spore-Forming Bacilli;128
23.2.3;2.3 Gram-Negative Bacilli;129
23.2.4;2.4 Gram-Positive Cocci;130
23.2.5;2.5 Gram-Negative Cocci;130
23.3;3 Pathogenicity and Virulence;130
23.3.1;3.1 Anaerobes as Normal Flora;130
23.3.2;3.2 Conditions Predisposing to Anaerobic Infection;132
23.3.3;3.3 Virulence Factors;134
23.4;4 Diagnostic Microbiology;134
23.4.1;4.1 Collection of Specimens for Anaerobic Bacteria;134
23.4.2;4.2 Transportation of Specimens;136
23.4.3;4.3 Laboratory Diagnosis;136
23.4.4;4.4 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing;137
23.5;5 Prevention;137
23.6;6 Clinical Infections;138
23.6.1;6.1 Central Nervous System Infections;138
23.6.2;6.2 Head and Neck Infections;139
23.6.2.1;6.2.1 Sinusitis;141
23.6.2.2;6.2.2 Parotitis;141
23.6.2.3;6.2.3 Cervical Lymphadenitis;141
23.6.2.4;6.2.4 Thyroiditis;142
23.6.2.5;6.2.5 Infected Cysts;142
23.6.2.6;6.2.6 Wound Infection After Head and Neck Surgery;142
23.6.2.7;6.2.7 Tonsillitis;142
23.6.3;6.3 Pleuropulmonary Infections;143
23.6.4;6.4 Intra-Abdominal Infections;145
23.6.5;6.5 Female Genital Tract Infection;146
23.6.6;6.6 Skin and Soft Tissue Infections;146
23.6.7;6.7 Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis;147
23.6.8;6.8 Bacteremia;148
23.6.9;6.9 Neonatal Infection;148
23.7;7 Management;149
23.7.1;7.1 Hyperbaric Oxygen;149
23.7.2;7.2 Surgical Therapy;149
23.7.3;7.3 Antimicrobial Therapy;150
23.7.4;7.4 Antimicrobial Agents;153
23.7.4.1;7.4.1 Penicillins;153
23.7.4.2;7.4.2 Cephalosporins;154
23.7.4.3;7.4.3 Carbapenem (imipenem, meropenem);154
23.7.4.4;7.4.4 Chloramphenicol;155
23.7.4.5;7.4.5 Clindamycin and Lincomycin;155
23.7.4.6;7.4.6 Metronidazole;155
23.7.4.7;7.4.7 Macrolids (Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin);155
23.7.4.8;7.4.8 Glycopeptides (Vancomycin, Teicoplanin);155
23.7.4.9;7.4.9 Tetracyclines;156
23.7.4.10;7.4.10 Quinolones;156
23.7.5;7.5 Choice of Antimicrobial Agents;156
24;References;157
25;Encephalitis Diagnosis and Management in the Real World;161
25.1;1 Approach to Focusing Possible Etiologies;161
25.1.1;1.1 Pathogenesis;161
25.1.2;1.2 Prioritizing Treatable Etiologies;163
25.1.3;1.3 Etiologically Focussed Prevention of Acute Encephalitis;165
25.1.4;1.4 Season, Geography, and Epidemiology of Viral Encephalitis;166
25.1.5;1.5 Studies of Causes of Acute Encephalitis;169
25.1.6;1.6 Additional Noteworthy Diagnoses;172
25.1.6.1;1.6.1 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM);172
25.1.6.2;1.6.2 Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy (ANE);174
25.1.7;1.7 Additional Noteworthy Pathogens;175
25.1.7.1;1.7.1 B. burgdorferi ;175
25.1.7.2;1.7.2 Parvovirus B19;175
25.1.7.3;1.7.3 Balamuthia mandrillaris ;176
25.1.8;1.8 Specific Clinical Neurologic Syndromes;176
25.2;2 Approach to Empiric Management;176
26;References;179
27;Toxic Shock Syndrome -- Evolution of an Emerging Disease;182
27.1;1 Introduction;182
27.2;2 Epidemiology;182
27.3;3 Pathogenesis;182
27.4;4 Clinical Findings;183
27.5;5 Management;184
27.6;6 Prognosis;185
28;References;186
29;Dissection of B-Cell Development to Unravel Defectsin Patients with a Primary Antibody Deficiency;189
29.1;1 Introduction;189
29.2;2 Generation of Nave Mature B Cells by Stepwise Differentiation in Bone Marrow;189
29.3;3 Antigen-Dependent B-Cell Maturation in Secondary Lymphoid Organs;191
29.4;4 Dynamics in the Peripheral B-Cell Compartment During Early Childhood;194
29.5;5 Antibody Deficiencies;194
29.5.1;5.1 Agammaglobulinemia;195
29.5.2;5.2 B-Cell Antigen Receptor Signaling Deficiency;198
29.5.3;5.3 IgCSR Deficiency;198
29.5.4;5.4 Common Variable Immunodeficiencies (CVID);199
29.6;6 Conclusion;200
30;References;200
31;Mumps is Back: Why is Mumps EradicationNot Working?;203
31.1;1 Introduction;203
31.2;2 Mumps: The Clinical Presentation;204
31.3;3 Mumps: The Virus;205
31.4;4 Mumps: The Pathogenesis and Transmission;207
31.5;5 Mumps: The Diagnosis;207
31.5.1;5.1 Mumps: Laboratory Diagnosis for Mumps Infection;208
31.5.1.1;5.1.1 Specimen Collection;208
31.5.1.2;5.1.2 Tissue Culture;208
31.5.1.3;5.1.3 Molecular Testing;209
31.5.1.4;5.1.4 IgM Serology;209
31.5.1.5;5.1.5 IgG Serology;210
31.6;6 Mumps: The Epidemiology;211
31.7;7 Mumps: The Vaccines;212
31.8;8 Mumps: Recent Resurgence;213
31.8.1;8.1 Vaccine Program: Refusal to Accept Immunization: 2007--2008 Outbreak in the Netherlands;214
31.8.2;8.2 Vaccine Program: Failure to Immunize an Age Group: --Lost Cohort--: 2004--2006 Outbreak in United Kingdom;214
31.8.3;8.3 Vaccine Program: Single Dose: Forgotten Cohort 2004--2007 Outbreaks in Canada, 2005--2007 in Australia;217
31.8.4;8.4 Vaccine Failure: Primary Vaccine Failure: Ineffective Vaccine -- Rubini;218
31.8.5;8.5 Vaccine Failure: Two-dose Vaccine Failure: Waning Immunity: 2006 Outbreaks in the United States;219
31.9;9 Mumps Elimination in Finland;219
31.10;10 Mumps: Public Health Control Strategies in Outbreaks;220
31.11;11 Mumps Outbreaks: Lessons Learned;220
31.12;12 Mumps Control: Unanswered Questions;221
31.13;13 Summary;222
32;References;222
33;Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections: Where Are We Now;227
33.1;1 Background;227
33.2;2 Epidemiology of Neonatal HSV;228
33.3;3 Clinical Manifestations of Neonatal HSV;228
33.4;4 Mortality and Morbidity;228
33.5;5 Antiviral Therapy;229
33.6;6 Determining Dosage and Duration of Treatment;230
33.7;7 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-Guided Therapy;230
33.8;8 Oral Suppression Therapy;233
33.9;9 Antiviral Resistance;234
33.10;10 Conclusion;235
34;References;235
35;Rational Approach to Pediatric Antifungal Therapy;237
35.1;1 Introduction;237
35.2;2 Treatment of Pediatric Invasive Aspergillosis;238
35.2.1;2.1 Voriconazole Dosing in Children;240
35.2.2;2.2 Combination Therapy for Invasive Aspergillosis;242
35.3;3 Treatment of Pediatric Invasive Candidiasis;243
35.4;4 Conclusion;246
36;References;246
37;Antiviral Therapy of CMV Disease in Children;249
37.1;1 Spectrum of Clinical Disease;249
37.1.1;1.1 Congenital CMV;249
37.1.1.1;1.1.1 Clinical Features;250
37.1.1.2;1.1.2 Predicting Long-Term Neurological Impairment;251
37.1.2;1.2 PostNatal CMV;252
37.1.2.1;1.2.1 Clinical Features;252
37.1.3;1.3 CMV Disease in Older Children;252
37.2;2 Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir Use in Children;253
37.2.1;2.1 Pharmacokinetics;253
37.2.1.1;2.1.1 Ganciclovir;253
37.2.1.2;2.1.2 Valganciclovir;254
37.2.1.3;2.1.3 CSF and CNS Penetration;255
37.2.2;2.2 Pharmacodynamics;255
37.2.3;2.3 Resistance;256
37.2.4;2.4 Drug Levels;257
37.2.5;2.5 Safety;257
37.3;3 Clinical Studies of GCV in Childhood CMV Infection;258
37.3.1;3.1 Congenital CMV;258
37.3.2;3.2 Clinical Use of GCV in Postnatal CMV Infection;262
37.3.3;3.3 CMV Disease and GCV Treatment in Older Immunocompromised Children;262
37.4;4 Summary;263
38;References;263
39;Infectious Hazards from Pets and Domestic Animals;267
39.1;1 Introduction;267
39.2;2 Global Trends in Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID);268
39.3;3 Pets and Domestic Animals as Reservoirs of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR);270
39.4;4 Staphylococcus intermedius in Pets;271
39.5;5 MRSA in Pets and Domestic Animals;273
39.6;6 A Call for an Action;274
39.7;7 Pets and Immunocompromised Hosts;275
39.8;8 Conclusion;275
40;References;276
41;Novel Technology to Study Co-Evolution of Humans StaphylococcusINTtie;aureus: Consequences for Interpreting theINTtie;Biology of Colonisation and Infection;279
41.1;1 Introduction;279
41.2;2 The Microorganism;280
41.2.1;2.1 Detection and Identification;280
41.2.2;2.2 Habitat and Genome Complexity;280
41.3;3 The Host;281
41.3.1;3.1 Human Niches;281
41.3.2;3.2 Patterns of and Susceptibility to Carriage;282
41.4;4 Artificial Colonisation Studies;282
41.4.1;4.1 Setting Up a Nasal Colonisation Study;283
41.4.2;4.2 Examples of Previous Colonisation Studies;284
41.4.3;4.3 Ongoing Experiments and Ideas for Future Colonisation Studies;285
41.5;5 Example Of A Cohort Study;286
41.5.1;5.1 Relevance of Cohort Studies;286
41.5.2;5.2 Microbiology in Generation R;286
41.5.3;5.3 Preliminary Results;287
41.6;6 Humoral Immunity and S. aureus Carriage and Infection ;288
41.6.1;6.1 Technical Aspects of Multiplex Anti-staphylococcal Antibody Measurements;288
41.6.2;6.2 Application of the Luminex Technology and Microbiological Implications;288
41.7;7 Conclusion;290
42;References;290
43;A Practical Approach to Eosinophilia in a Child Arriving orINTtie;Returning From the Tropics;295
43.1;1 Introduction;295
43.2;2 Why it is Often Difficult to Determine the Parasite Causing Eosinophilia;295
43.2.1;2.1 Patients with Helminthic Infection may be Asymptomatic;295
43.2.2;2.2 Patients with Eosinophilia may have a Helminthic Infection that is too Early to Diagnose;296
43.2.3;2.3 It is Difficult to Distinguish Between Different Helminthic Infections by Either Degree or Persistence of Eosinophilia;296
43.2.4;2.4 Whether a Child is an Immigrant or Returned Traveller does not help to Distinguish Between Different Helminthic Infections;297
43.2.5;2.5 Serum IgE Level does not help to Distinguish Between Different Helminthic Infections or Exclude a Non-Parasitic Cause for Eosinophilia;298
43.2.6;2.6 Patients with Helminthic Infection may not have Eosinophilia;298
43.2.7;2.7 The Degree of Eosinophilia does not Necessarily Relate to the Burden of Infection;299
43.2.8;2.8 Negative Investigations for Parasites do not Exclude Helminthic Infection;299
43.2.9;2.9 Eosinophilia may Worsen Despite Appropriate Treatment;300
43.2.10;2.10 Patients from a Tropical Country may have an Alternative Explanation Other than Helminthic Infection for Their Eosinophilia;300
43.3;3 An Approach to Diagnosing and Treating Parasitic Infections in Children with Eosinophilia Returning From Tropical Countries;300
43.3.1;3.1 History;301
43.3.2;3.2 Investigations;302
43.3.3;3.3 Treatment;304
44;References;304
45;Subject Index;306
