Cotton / Bryan / Heever Storm and Cloud Dynamics

2. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-0-08-091665-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 99, 820 Seiten

Reihe: International Geophysics

Storm and Cloud Dynamics focuses on the dynamics of clouds and of precipitating mesoscale meteorological systems. Clouds and precipitating mesoscale systems represent some of the most important and scientifically exciting weather systems in the world. These are the systems that produce torrential rains, severe winds including downburst and tornadoes, hail, thunder and lightning, and major snow storms. Forecasting such storms represents a major challenge since they are too small to be adequately resolved by conventional observing networks and numerical prediction models. - Provides a complete treatment of clouds integrating the analysis of air motions with cloud structure, microphysics, and precipitation mechanics - Describes and explains the basic types of clouds and cloud systems that occur in the atmosphere-fog, stratus, stratocumulus, altocumulus, altostratus, cirrus, thunderstorms, tornadoes, waterspouts, orographically induced clouds, mesoscale convection complexes, hurricanes, fronts, and extratropical cyclones - Summarizes the fundamentals, both observational and theoretical, of atmospheric dynamics, thermodynamics, cloud microphysics, and radar meteorology, allowing each type of cloud to be examined in depth - Integrates the latest field observations, numerical model simulations, and theory - Supplies a theoretical treatment suitable for the advanced undergraduate or graduate level, as well as post-graduate

Autoren/Hrsg.

Cotton, William R.

Bryan, George

Heever, Susan C. van den

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front cover;1
2;Half title page;2
3;Title page;4
4;Copyright page;5
5;Contents;6
6;Preface;14
6.1;References;17
7;Chapter 1. Clouds;18
7.1;1.1. Introduction;18
7.2;1.2. The classification of clouds;19
7.3;1.3. Cloud time scales, vertical velocities, and liquid-water contents;22
7.4;References;28
8;Part I: Fundamental Concepts and Parameterizations;30
8.1;Chapter 2. Fundamental Equations Governing Cloud Processes;32
8.1.1;2.1. Introduction;32
8.1.2;2.2. State Properties;33
8.1.3;2.3. Velocity;35
8.1.4;2.4. Conservation of mass;37
8.1.5;2.5. Conservation of momentum;38
8.1.6;2.6. Conservation of internal energy;41
8.1.7;2.7. Equation for pressure;45
8.1.8;2.8. Equation for potential temperature;45
8.1.9;2.9. Approximate equations;46
8.1.10;2.10. Derived thermodynamic variables;50
8.1.11;2.11. Buoyancy;55
8.1.12;2.12. Lapse rates and stability;59
8.1.13;2.13. CAPE;62
8.1.14;2.14. Summary;67
8.1.15;References;67
8.2;Chapter 3. Turbulence;70
8.2.1;3.1. Introduction;70
8.2.2;3.2. Reynolds Averaging;73
8.2.3;3.3. Large eddy simulation;84
8.2.4;3.4. Subgrid condensation and evaporation;91
8.2.5;3.5. Implications of Filtering to the Interpretation of Model-Predicted Data;99
8.2.6;References;101
8.3;Chapter 4. The Parameterization or Modeling of Microphysical Processes in Clouds;104
8.3.1;4.1. Introduction;104
8.3.2;4.2. General Theory of the Microphysics of Clouds;104
8.3.3;4.3. Approaches to Modeling Cloud Microphysics in Cloud Models;109
8.3.4;4.4. Fundamental Principles of Ice-Phase Microphysics;118
8.3.5;4.5. Summary of Cloud Microphysical Processes;134
8.3.6;4.6. Modeling and Parameterization of Ice-Phase Microphysics;136
8.3.7;4.7. Impact of Cloud Microphysical Processes on Cloud Dynamics;140
8.3.8;References;144
8.4;Chapter 5. Radiative Transfer in a Cloudy Atmosphere and Its Parameterization;160
8.4.1;5.1. Introduction;160
8.4.2;5.2. Absorptance, Reflectance, Transmittance, and Emittance in the Clear Atmosphere;162
8.4.3;5.3. Shortwave Radiative Transfer in a Cloudy Atmosphere;164
8.4.4;5.4. Longwave Radiative Transfer in a Cloudy Atmosphere;170
8.4.5;5.5. Radiative Characteristics of Clouds of Horizontally Finite Extent;172
8.4.6;5.6. Radiative Influences on Cloud Particle Growth;173
8.4.7;5.7. Aerosol Effects on the Radiative Properties of Clouds;176
8.4.8;5.8. Parameterization of Radiative Transfer in Clouds;179
8.4.9;5.9. Summary;187
8.4.10;References;187
9;Part II: The Dynamics of Clouds;194
9.1;Chapter 6. Fogs and Stratocumulus Clouds;196
9.1.1;6.1. Introduction;196
9.1.2;6.2. Types of Fog and Formation Mechanisms;196
9.1.3;6.3. Radiation Fog Physics and Dynamics;198
9.1.4;6.4. Valley Fog;206
9.1.5;6.5. Marine Fog;208
9.1.6;6.6. Stratocumulus Clouds;220
9.1.7;6.7. Arctic Stratus Clouds;247
9.1.8;References;250
9.2;Chapter 7. Cumulus Clouds;260
9.2.1;7.1. Introduction;260
9.2.2;7.2. Boundary Layer Cumuli---An Ensemble View;261
9.2.3;7.3. Theories of Entrainment, Detrainment, and Downdraft Initiation in Cumuli;300
9.2.4;7.4. The Role of Precipitation;307
9.2.5;7.5. Cloud Merger and Larger Scale Convergence;313
9.2.6;References;319
9.3;Chapter 8. Cumulonimbus Clouds and Severe Convective Storms;332
9.3.1;8.1. Introduction;332
9.3.2;8.2. Descriptive Storm Models and Storm Types;332
9.3.3;8.3. Updrafts and Turbulence in Cumulonimbi;341
9.3.4;8.4. Updraft Magnitudes and Profiles;342
9.3.5;8.5. Turbulence;348
9.3.6;8.6. Downdrafts: Origin and Intensity;351
9.3.7;8.7. Low-Level Outflows and Gust Fronts;362
9.3.8;8.8. Theories of Storm Movement and Propagation;368
9.3.9;8.9. Mesocyclones and Tornados;380
9.3.10;8.10. Hailstorms;408
9.3.11;8.11. Models of Hailstorms and Hail Formation Processes;412
9.3.12;8.12. Rainfall from Cumulonimbus Clouds;426
9.3.13;8.13. Aerosol Impacts on Convective Precipitation;431
9.3.14;8.14. Thunderstorm Electrification and Storm Dynamics;434
9.3.15;References;445
9.4;Chapter 9. Mesoscale Convective Systems;472
9.4.1;9.1. Introduction;472
9.4.2;9.2. Definition of Mesoscale Convective Systems;472
9.4.3;9.3. Conceptual Models of MCSs;473
9.4.4;9.4. Climatology of MCSs;489
9.4.5;9.5. MCVs and Tropical Cyclone Genesis;523
9.4.6;9.6. Impacts of MCSs;530
9.4.7;References;532
9.5;Chapter 10. The Mesoscale Structure of Extratropical Cyclones and Middle and High Clouds;544
9.5.1;10.1. Introduction;544
9.5.2;10.2. Large-Scale Processes that Determine Mesoscale Features;545
9.5.3;10.3. Mesoscale Structure of Extratropical Cyclones;553
9.5.4;10.4. Middle- and High-Level Clouds;625
9.5.5;References;658
9.6;Chapter 11. The Influence of Mountains on Airflow, Clouds, and Precipitation;690
9.6.1;11.1. Introduction;690
9.6.2;11.2. Theory of Flow over Hills and Mountains;690
9.6.3;11.3. Effects of Clouds on Orographic Flow;711
9.6.4;11.4. Orogenic Precipitation;721
9.6.5;11.5. Turbulence eddies and embedded convection in orographic clouds;727
9.6.6;11.6. Blocking impacts on orographic precipitation;728
9.6.7;11.7. Orographic Modification of Extratropical Cyclones and Precipitation;729
9.6.8;11.8. Distribution of Supercooled Liquid-Water in Orographic Clouds;739
9.6.9;11.9. Efficiency of Orographic Precipitation and Diurnal Variability;748
9.6.10;11.10. Aerosol influences on orographic precipitation;755
9.6.11;References;757
10;Part III: Clouds, Storms and Global Climate;768
10.1;Chapter 12. Clouds, Storms, and Global Climate;770
10.1.1;12.1. Introduction;770
10.1.2;12.2. Clouds and the Global Radiation Budget;770
10.1.3;12.3. Hot Towers and Tropical Circulations;771
10.1.4;12.4. Clouds and the Global Hydrological Cycle;773
10.1.5;12.5. Cloud Venting;775
10.1.6;12.6. Aerosol Pollution Impacts on Global Climate;775
10.1.7;12.7. Representing Clouds in General Circulation Models;777
10.1.8;References;781
10.2;Volumes in Series;786
10.3;Index;792