Cotton / Anthes / Dmowska Storm and Cloud Dynamics

Volume 44
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-8838-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 896 Seiten, Web PDF

This book focuses on the dynamics of clouds and of precipitating mesoscale meteorological systems. Clouds and precipitating mesoscale systems represent some of the most important and scientifically exciting weather systems in the world. These are the systems that produce torrential rains, severe winds including downburst and tornadoes, hail, thunder and lightning, and major snow storms. Forecasting such storms represents a major challenge since they are too small to be adequately resolved by conventional observing networks and numerical prediction models.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Cotton, William R.

Anthes, Richard A.

Dmowska, Renata

Inhaltsverzeichnis

2;Storm and Cloud Dynamics;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Preface;10
6;Chapter 1. Clouds;14
6.1;1.1 Introduction;14
6.2;1.2 The Classification of Clouds;15
6.3;1.3 Cloud Time Scales, Vertical Velocities, and Liquid-Water Contents;18
6.4;References;23
7;Part I: Fundamental Concepts and Parameterizations;24
7.1;Chapter 2. Fundamental Equations Governing Cloud Processes;26
7.1.1;2.1 Introduction;26
7.1.2;2.2 General Equations;26
7.1.3;2.3 Scale Analysis and Approximate Equations;41
7.1.4;2.4 The Vertical Coordinate;54
7.1.5;References;58
7.2;Chapter 3. On Averaging;60
7.2.1;3.1 Introduction;60
7.2.2;3.2 Ensemble Average;61
7.2.3;3.3 Grid-Volume Average;62
7.2.4;3.4 The Generalized Ensemble Average;63
7.2.5;3.5 Average Equations by the "Top-Hat" Method;65
7.2.6;3.6 An Example of the Reynold's Averaging Procedure;67
7.2.7;3.7 First-Order Closure Theory;70
7.2.8;3.8 Higher Order Closure Theory;73
7.2.9;3.9 Partial Condensation over an Averaging Volume or Averaging Domain;81
7.2.10;3.10 Implications of Averaging to the Interpretation of Model-Predicted Data;89
7.2.11;References;89
7.3;Chapter 4. The Parameterization or Modeling of Microphysical Processes in Clouds;92
7.3.1;4.1 Introduction;92
7.3.2;4.2 General Theory of the Microphysics of "Warm" Clouds;93
7.3.3;4.3 Parameterizations of Warm-Cloud Physics;103
7.3.4;4.4 Fundamental Principles of Ice-Phase Microphysics;113
7.3.5;4.5 Parameterization of Ice-Phase Microphysics;130
7.3.6;4.6 Impact of Cloud Microphysical Processes on Cloud Dynamics;147
7.3.7;References;151
7.4;Chapter 5. Radiative Transfer in a Cloudy Atmosphere and Its Parameterization;161
7.4.1;5.1 Introduction;161
7.4.2;5.2 Absorption, Reflectance, Transmittance, and Emittance in the Clear Atmosphere;164
7.4.3;5.3 Shortwave Radiative Transfer in a Cloudy Atmosphere;165
7.4.4;5.4 Longwave Radiative Transfer in a Cloud y Atmosphere;174
7.4.5;5.5 Radiative Influences on Cloud Particle Growth;176
7.4.6;5.6 Radiative Characteristics of Clouds of Horizontally Finite Extent;177
7.4.7;5.7 Aerosol Effects on the Radiative Properties of Clouds;182
7.4.8;5.8 Parameterization of Radiative Transfer in Clouds;187
7.4.9;5.9 Summary;198
7.4.10;References;199
7.5;Chapter 6. Cumulus Parameterization and Diagnostic Studies of Convective Systems;203
7.5.1;6.1 Introduction;203
7.5.2;6.2 Relationship between Cumulus Convection and Larger Scale Atmospheric Variables;205
7.5.3;6.3 Mathematical Framework;212
7.5.4;6.4 Diagnostic Studies of the Effects of Cumulus Convection on the Environment;224
7.5.5;6.5 Cumulus Parameterization Schemes;271
7.5.6;References;308
8;Part II: The Dynamics of Clouds;314
8.1;Chapter 7. Fogs and Stratocumulus Clouds;316
8.1.1;7.1 Introduction;316
8.1.2;7.2 Types of Fog and Formation Mechanisms;316
8.1.3;7.3 Radiation Fog Physics and Dynamics;318
8.1.4;7.4 Valley Fog;327
8.1.5;7.5 Marine Fog;329
8.1.6;7.6 Stratocumulus Clouds;341
8.1.7;7.7 Arctic Stratus Clouds;375
8.1.8;References;377
8.2;Chapter 8. Cumulus Clouds;381
8.2.1;8.1 Introduction;381
8.2.2;8.2 Boundary Layer Cumuli—An Ensemble View;382
8.2.3;8.3 Organization of Cumuli;404
8.2.4;8.4 The Observed Structure of Individual Cumuli;420
8.2.5;8.5 Entrainment and Downdraft Initiation in Cumuli;430
8.2.6;8.6 The Role of Precipitation;443
8.2.7;8.7 The Role of the Ice Phase;444
8.2.8;8.8 Cloud Merger and Larger Scale Convergence;450
8.2.9;References;459
8.3;Chapter 9. Cumulonimbus Clouds and Severe Convective Storms;468
8.3.1;9.1 Introduction;468
8.3.2;9.2 Descriptive Storm Models and Storm Types;468
8.3.3;9.3 Updrafts and Turbulence in Cumulonimbi;476
8.3.4;9.4 Downdrafts: Origin and Intensity;491
8.3.5;9.5 Low-Level Outflows and Gust Fronts;505
8.3.6;9.6 Theories of Storm Movement and Propagation;510
8.3.7;9.7 Mesocyclones and Tornadoes;534
8.3.8;9.8 Hailstorms;553
8.3.9;9.9 Rainfall from Cumulonimbus Clouds;572
8.3.10;9.10 Thunderstorm Electrification and Storm Dynamics;577
8.3.11;References;590
8.4;Chapter 10. Mesoscale Convective Systems;606
8.4.1;10.1 Introduction;606
8.4.2;10.2 Mesoscale Convective Systems;606
8.4.3;10.3 Characteristics
of Midlatitude Mesoscale Convective Systems;643
8.4.4;10.4 Genesis of Mesoscale Convective Systems;690
8.4.5;10.5 Tropical Cyclones;703
8.4.6;References;720
8.5;Chapter 11. The Mesoscale Structure of Extratropical Cyclones and Middle and High Clouds;727
8.5.1;11.1 Introduction;727
8.5.2;11.2 Large-Scal e Processes that Determine Mesoscale Features;727
8.5.3;11.3 Mesoscale Structure of Extratropical Cyclones;736
8.5.4;11.4 Middle - and High-Level
Clouds;757
8.5.5;References;796
8.6;Chapter 12. The Influence of Mountains on Airflow, Clouds, and Precipitation;801
8.6.1;12.1 Introduction;801
8.6.2;12.2 Theory of Flow over Hills and Mountains;801
8.6.3;12.3 Orogenic Precipitation;836
8.6.4;12.4 Orographic Modification of Extratropical Cyclones and Precipitation;846
8.6.5;12.5 Distribution
of Supercooled Liquid Water in Orographic Clouds;860
8.6.6;12.6 Efficiency of Orographic Precipitation and Diurnal Variability;870
8.6.7;References;876
9;Epilogue;884
10;Index;886
11;International Geophysics Series;894