Clark Groundwater Geochemistry and Isotopes

1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-1-4665-9174-5
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 456 Seiten

Understand the Environmental Processes That Control Groundwater Quality

The integration of environmental isotopes with geochemical studies is now recognized as a routine approach to solving problems of natural and contaminated groundwater quality. Advanced sampling and analytical methods are readily accessible and affordable, providing abundant geochemical and isotope data for high spatial resolution and high frequency time series. Groundwater Geochemistry and Isotopes provides the theoretical understanding and interpretive methods and contains a useful chapter presenting the basics of sampling and analysis.

This text teaches the thermodynamic basis and principal reactions involving the major ions, gases and isotopes during groundwater recharge, weathering and redox evolution. Subsequent chapters apply these principles in hands-on training for dating young groundwaters with tritium and helium and ancient systems with radiocarbon, radiohalides and noble gases, and for tracing reactions of the major contaminants of concern in groundwaters.

- Covers the basics of solutes, gases and isotopes in water, and concentration-activity relationships and reactions

- Describes tracing the water cycle, weathering, and the geochemical evolution of water quality

- Explores dating groundwater as young as a few years to over hundreds of millions of years

- Uses case studies to demonstrate the application of geochemistry and isotopes for contaminated groundwaters

Accessible to consultants and practitioners as well as undergraduates, Groundwater Geochemistry and Isotopes presents the basics of environmental isotopes and geochemistry, and provides you with a full understanding of their use in natural and contaminated groundwater.

Zielgruppe

Practicing environmental engineers in hydrogeology; junior and senior-level students in groundwater geochemistry courses.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Clark, Ian

Fachgebiete

• Naturwissenschaften Chemie Chemie Allgemein

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Groundwater Geochemistry and Isotopes

Introduction

Water, Rocks, and Solutes

The Nature of Water

Solutes in Water

From Elements to Aquifers

Problems

Thermodynamics of Aqueous Systems

Introduction

Mass Action

Ion Activity and Equilibrium Constants

Electron Activity and Redox

Speciation and Mineral Solubility Codes

Mass Transfer Models

Problems

Geochemical Reactions

Introduction

Dissociation Reactions

Redox Reactions

Gases in Groundwater

CO2 and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon

Problems

Isotope Reactions

Introduction

Stable Isotope Fractionation and Distillation

Radioisotopes

Problems

Tracing the Water Cycle

Introduction

Temperature–d18O Correlation in Precipitation

Meteoric Water Line for d18O and dD

Temperature Effects in Precipitation

Groundwater Recharge

Isotope Effects of Evaporation

Multicomponent Groundwater Mixing

Rock–Water–Gas Interaction

Problems

CO2 and Weathering

Introduction

CO2 and the Carbon Cycle

Soil CO2 and Weathering

Carbonate Weathering

Weathering in Silicate Terrains

Weathering and 13C of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon

Weathering and Alkalinity

Advanced Chemical Weathering: Saprolites and Laterites

Problems

Geochemical Evolution

Introduction

Ion Exchange Surfaces in Aquifers

Cation Exchange

Sorption

Redox Evolution in Groundwaters

Salinity in Groundwater

Graphical Presentation of Geochemical Evolution

Problems

Groundwater Dating

Introduction

Groundwater Age and Mean Residence Time

Anthropogenic Tracers of Modern Groundwater

Tritium–3He Dating

Dating Submodern Groundwaters

Radiocarbon Dating Old Groundwater

Stable Isotopes and Noble Gases in Paleogroundwaters

Dating Very Old Groundwater

Problems

Contaminant Geochemistry and Isotopes

Introduction

Nitrogen Species and Groundwater Contamination

Organic Carbon Compounds

Degradation of Fuel Oxygenates: MTBE and Ethanol

Biodegradation of Organohalogens

Abiotic Degradation of Organochlorine Compounds in Permeable Reactive Barriers

Fugitive Gases

Landfill Leachate

Acid Mine Drainage

Remediation

Base Metals in Groundwater

Salinity in Groundwater

Arsenic

Nuclear Waste

Sampling and Analysis

Introduction

Field Measurements

Temperature

Electrical Conductivity

pH

Redox Potential

Field Filtering

Alkalinity Titrations

Major Ion Geochemistry

Major Anions (Cl–, F–, SO4–, NO3–, Br –)

Major Cations, Minor and Trace Metals

Nutrients

Sulfate and Hydrogen Sulfid

Isotopes in Water

d 18O and dD in Water

Tritium

Dissolved Carbon

DOC and DOC Concentration and 13C

Radiocarbon

Nitrogen Species Isotopes

NO3–– 15N and 18O

NH4+– 15N

Sulfur Species Isotopes

SO4 2– – 34S and 18O

H2S – 34S

Isotopes of the Halides

37Cl

36Cl

81Br

129I

Isotopes of Minor Elements

Gases

Effervescing Gases

Dissolved Gases

Analysis

Noble Gases

Water Samples

Passive Gas Diffusion Samplers

Analysis

References

Index

Über Autor(innen)

Ian Clark is a professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Ottawa. He completed a bachelor of science in earth sciences and a master of science in hydrogeology at the University of Waterloo followed by his doctoral degree at the Université de Paris-Sud (Orsay) in isotope hydrogeology and paleoclimatology. Since his earliest work on geothermal systems in western Canada, Dr. Clark’s research has focused on the integration of geochemistry and isotopes to address questions on the origin, age, and geochemical history of groundwater and solutes in natural and contaminated settings. He and his colleagues recently established the Advanced Research Complex for geosciences at the University of Ottawa hosting labs for accelerator mass spectrometry, stable isotopes, noble gases and geochemistry.