Christophorou / Bouldin Gaseous Dielectrics

Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Gaseous Dielectrics, Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S.A., May 3-7, 1987
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-9107-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 702 Seiten, Web PDF

Gaseous Dielectrics V presents the proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Gaseous Dielectrics, held in Knoxville, Tennessee on May 3-7, 1987. This book discusses the effective coupling between basic and applied research and technology achieved in this area. Organized into 12 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the status of theoretical calculations of excitation and ionization coefficients for electrons. This text then provides an extensive investigation into different phases of discharge development in electronegative gases. Other chapters consider the use of sulfur hexafluoride as a dielectric medium in rail systems and gas circuit breakers. This book reviews as well the primary requirements for a successful gas analysis program, with emphasis on measurement and interpretation methods. The final chapter deals with the progress in dielectric quality assurance of gas insulated substations (GIS), which has resulted from improved scientific knowledge of significant phenomena. This book is a valuable resource for electrical and electronics engineers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Christophorou, Loucas G.

Bouldin, Don W.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Gaseous Dielectrics V;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;PREFACE;6
6;CHAPTER 1: BASIC PHYSICS OF GASEOUS DIELECTRICS;16
6.1;Excitation and Ionization Coefficients;16
6.2;Discussion;23
6.3;Laser-Enhanced Electron Attachment and Its Possible Application for Optical Switching;25
6.4;Discussion;32
6.5;Galvanooptical Measurement of Photodetachment from Negative Ion Swarms in Oxygen;33
6.6;Discussion;41
6.7;Electron Collision Cross Sections for C F and N 0;42
6.8;Discussion;48
6.9;A Macroscopic Model of Electron Swarm Motion in
Non-equilibrium Regions;49
6.10;Non-Equilibrium Description of Electrons in a Gas Influenced by Space-Time Varying Electric Fields;55
6.11;Temperature Dependent Electron Transport and Rate Coefficient Studies for e-Beam-Sustained Diffuse Gas Discharge Switching;62
6.12;Time Dependent Conductivity Studies of Electron Thermalisation in Simple Gases;70
7;CHAPTER 2. BASIC MECHANISMS;76
7.1;Breakdown Mechanisms in Electronegative Gases;76
7.2;Discussion;95
7.3;Predischarge Development in N2 and SF6 at High Gas Pressures;96
7.4;Discussion;102
7.5;Effect of Temperature on the Uniform Field Breakdown Strength of Electronegative Gases;103
7.6;Discussion;111
7.7;The Influence of Thermal Ionization on Electrical Breakdown;113
7.8;Discussion;118
7.9;Contribution to a Unified Theory of the Leader Processes;119
7.10;Discussion;131
7.11;The Influence of Thermal Ionization on Electrical Breakdown;113
7.12;Discussion;118
7.13;Contribution to a Unified Theory of the Leader Processes;119
7.14;Discussion;131
7.15;Mechanism of a Short Gap Breakdown;133
7.16;Experimental Investigation of the Streamer to Leader Transition in SF6 Under Negative Polarity;141
7.17;Modeling of Leader Branching in Electronegative Gases;149
7.18;The Leader Inception Characteristics in Positive Sphere-Plane Air Gaps;155
7.19;Velocity Measurements in Mixtures of SF6 and N2 in Non-Uniform Field Gaps Under Positive Impulse Voltage;161
8;CHAPTER 3: GAS DECOMPOSITION/REACTIONS/TOXICITY;168
8.1;Decomposition of SF6 by Arc Discharge and the Determination of the Reaction Product S2 F10;168
8.2;Discussion;176
8.3;Corona-Induced Decomposition of Dielectric Gases;178
8.4;Discussion;187
8.5;Investigations of the Toxicological Action of Spark- Decomposed SF6 in Mammalian Cells;189
8.6;Discussion;196
8.7;Degradation of the Dielectric Properties of SF6 Due to the Presence of Gaseous Impurities; Deviations to the "Paschen's Law" at High Pressures for Positive Polarity;197
8.8;Discussion;204
8.9;The Influence of Impurities on the Dielectric Strength of SF6 for Positive Polarity; The Nature of Initiatory Electrons;206
8.10;Formation and Stability of SF6 and S2 F10;214
8.11;SOF4 Production in Spark Breakdown of SF6/O2 Mixtures;220
8.12;Assay of SF6 and Spark-Decomposed SF6 for Mutagenic Activity in the CHO/HGPRT Mammalian Cell System;228
9;CHAPTER 4: DIAGNOSTICS/FIELD PROBES;234
9.1;Gas Analysis as a Diagnostic Tool for Gas-Insulated Equipment;234
9.2;Discussion;242
9.3;On the Possibility of Diagnostics of GCB and GIS by Gas Chromatography;243
9.4;Discussion;249
9.5;On the Electrostatics of Probe Measurements of Surface Charge Densities;250
9.6;Discussion;256
9.7;Measurement of Accumulated Charge on Dielectric Surfaces with an Electrostatic Probe;257
9.8;Discussion;263
9.9;The Effect of Humidity on Space Charge Growth in Short Air Gaps;264
9.10;Laser Probing of Air Gaps Under AC Conditions;270
10;CHAPTER 5. GASES/MIXTURES FOR GIS TRANSFORMERS AND CIRCUIT BREAKERS;278
10.1;Predicting the Breakdown Strength of Mixtures from Basic Data;278
10.2;Discussion;286
10.3;The Dielectric Strength of Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (1,2-C2 CI2 F4) Determined in a Combined Swarm/Breakdown Study;287
10.4;Discussion;295
10.5;The Influence of Gaseous Admixtures to SF6 on the Corona Stabilized Regime at AC and at Positive Impulse Voltage;296
10.6;Discussion;302
10.7;Nonuniform Field Corona and Breakdown Characteristics of SF6/Freon Mixtures;304
10.8;Discussion;310
10.9;Effect of a Trichlorotrifluoroethane Vapor Additive on Dielectric Strength of SF6 Gas;313
10.10;Measurement of the Figure of Merit M for Several Perfluorocarbon Gases;319
10.11;Breakdown Voltage Measurement of Some Vapor-Mist Dielectrics;326
11;CHAPTER 6: GASEOUS MEDIA FOR DISCHARGE CHEMISTRY AND ETCHING/CORON;332
11.1;Gaseous Media for Plasma Chemistry and Etching;332
11.2;Discussion;340
11.3;Practical Implications of Dry Plasma Processing;341
11.4;Discussion;348
11.5;Important Considerations for Optimizing Production Rates in RF Discharge Chemistry;349
11.6;Discussion;357
11.7;Negative DC Corona Discharge in SF6 for Highly Divergent Fields;358
11.8;Discussion;365
11.9;Calculation of Corona Onset Voltage with Space Charge Effect;366
11.10;DC Corona Control in Coaxial Gas Insulating Systems;371
12;CHAPTER 7. GAS ENGINEERING FOR PULSED POWER AND SWITCHING;378
12.1;Gas Engineering for Pulsed Power and Switching;378
12.2;Discussion;388
12.3;Penning Ionization Ternary Gas Mixtures for Diffuse Discharge Opening Switches;389
12.4;Discussion;395
12.5;Gas Mixtures for Spark Gap Closing Switches with Emphasis on Efficiency of Operation;396
12.6;Discussion;403
12.7;The Influence of Transverse Magnetic Fields on Glow Discharges in He/SF6 Gas Mixtures;404
12.8;Discussion;412
12.9;Analysis of the Cathode Fall of Glow Discharges in a He/SF6 Gas Mixture;413
12.10;Gas Engineering Studies for High Pressure Self-Sustained Diffuse Discharge Closing Switches;419
12.11;Diffuse Discharges in High-Pressure Mixtures of c-C4 F8 and He;427
13;CHAPTER 8. GAS BREAKDOWN UNDER STEEP-FRONTED VOLTAGES;434
13.1;Statistical Breakdown Process in SF6 and Breakdown Voltage Calculations;434
13.2;Discussion;443
13.3;Formative Time Lags in SF6 N2 Mixtures for Different Field Distribution;445
13.4;Discussion;451
13.5;Voltage-Time Characteristics of Impulse Breakdown in SF6 Gas;453
13.6;Discussion;459
13.7;Spacer Flashover Time Lags in SF6 Under Fast-Front Impulse Voltages;460
13.8;Discussion;466
13.9;Breakdown Voltage-Time Characteristics in SF6 Mixtures for a Coaxial Cylinder Gap;467
13.10;Effect of Field Divergence on the Lightning Impulse Breakdown of Rod-Plane Gaps in N2/SF6 Mixtures;473
13.11;Free Particle Initiated Breakdown of SF6 Under Voltages of Different Time Dependence;479
14;CHAPTER 9. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN GAS-INSULATED EQUIPMENT/GAS HANDLING;486
14.1;Development of ±500 kV HVDC Gas-Insulated Switchgears;486
14.2;Discussion;495
14.3;A Manufacturer's Experience in the Cyclic Use of SF6 Gas;498
14.4;Discussion;505
14.5;Volt-Time Curves of Disconnector-Generated Fast Transients inside GIS;506
14.6;Discussion;512
14.7;Insulation Characteristics of Separate Cooling Sheet Winding-Type Gas-Insulated Transformer;514
14.8;Discussion;520
14.9;Recovery Strength of SF6-Insulated Gaps Stressed by Double Lighting Impulse Voltages;522
14.10;Conduction Currents in Gas-Insulated Switchgear for Low Level DC Stress;528
14.11;Effects of Electrode Surface Roughness on Dark Current and Switching Impulse Breakdown Voltage in Compressed SF6 Gas;535
14.12;Mixing Rates and Diffusion of Various Gases and Moisture into SF6;541
15;CHAPTER 10. GAS/INSULATOR INTERFACE/FLASHOVER;552
15.1;Surface Changes Induced by Low Kinetic Energy Products from Corona Discharge on Epoxy Resin in Air;552
15.2;Discussion;560
15.3;Avalanches Near a Dielectric Spacer in Nitrogen Gas;561
15.4;Discussion;567
15.5;Measurement of the Temporal Decay of Charges on Insulator Surfaces;568
15.6;Discussion;574
15.7;Effect of Ribs on Surface Discharge in SF6 Gas;575
15.8;Discussion;581
15.9;Application of ESCA in GIS Spacer Surface Analysis;582
15.10;Discussion;588
15.11;Study of the Charge Build-up on Dielectrics Submitted to Corona Discharge and Ageing Effects;589
15.12;Influence of 60 Hz AC Charging of Spacers on Subsequent Impulse Flashover in Compressed SF6;595
15.13;Surface Flashover of Polyester, Polypropylene, and Teflon Films in Low Pressure SF6 and N2 Media;601
15.14;Research on Conductor-Plane Long-Gap Characteristics by Surface Discharge Analogy Model;607
15.15;The Surface and Volume Effects of Interactions of Internal Partial Discharges with Solid Dielectrics;613
16;CHAPTER 11. QUALITY CONTROL IN TESTING GAS-INSULATED APPARATUS;620
16.1;Fundamental Knowledge and the Testing of GIS;620
16.2;Discussion;628
16.3;Flashover Damage Test Procedure for Insulating Materials in Compressed SF6;629
16.4;Discussion;635
16.5;Strength of Typical GIS Configurations with Special Reference to Composite and Combined Stresses;636
16.6;Discussion;643
16.7;Limits to Partial Discharge Detection;644
16.8;Discussion;651
16.9;Broad Band Pulse Detection Studies of Corona and Breakdown in Air, N2, O2, CO2 AND SF6 and SF6 -N2 Mixtures;652
17;CHAPTER 12: REPORTS OF DISCUSSION GROUPS;658
17.1;Group Discussion on New Diagnostic Techniques;658
17.2;Group Discussion on Gas-Insulated Transformers and DC GIS;666
17.3;Group Discussion on Gas Engineering for Modern Technologies: Input from Basic Data;674
18;LIST OF PARTICIPANTS;686
19;PHOTOGRAPHS OF PARTICIPANTS;694
20;AUTHOR INDEX;700