Chen / Wan / Henebry Dryland East Asia: Land Dynamics amid Social and Climate Change

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-3-11-028791-2
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 496 Seiten

Reihe: Ecosystem Science and Applications

Drylands in East Asia (DEA) are home to more than one billion people with an environment vulnerable to natural and anthropogenic changes. One of the critical needs in the region is to fully understand how dryland ecosystems respond to the changing climate and human activities in order to develop strategies to cope with continued climate change. This book provides state-of-the-art knowledge and information on drylands ecosystem dynamics, changing climate, society, and land use in the region. In addition to the synthesis of the existing research and knowledge of DEA, the book provides a role model for regional ecological assessment. With a wide spectrum of contributions from experts around the globe, the book should be of interest to researchers and students both internationally and in East Asia. Lessons learned from this synthesis effort in DEA should be useful for developing climate adaptation strategies for other similar regions around the globe.

Zielgruppe

Researchers and advanced students interested in ecosystem science

Autoren/Hrsg.

Chen, Jiquan

Wan, Shiqiang

Henebry, Geoffrey

Qi, Jiaguo

Gutman, Garik

Sun, Ge

Kappas, Martin

Weitere Mitwirkende

Press, Higher Education

Fachgebiete

• Geowissenschaften Umweltwissenschaften Soziale & wirtschaftliche Auswirkungen von Umweltfaktoren
• Geowissenschaften Umweltwissenschaften Klimawandel, Globale Erwärmung
• Geowissenschaften Geologie Meteorologie, Klimatologie
• Geowissenschaften Geographie | Raumplanung Trockengebiete und Wüsten

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Part I. State and Changes in Dryland East Asia;27
1.1;1 State and Change of Dryland East Asia (DEA);29
1.1.1;1.1 Geography, Demography and Economics in DEA;29
1.1.2;1.2 Climate and Land-Use Changes;36
1.1.3;1.3 Ecosystem Production and Evapotranspiration;40
1.1.4;1.4 Scientific and Societal Challenges for Adaptations in DEA;42
1.1.5;References;46
1.2;2 Dryland East Asia in Hemispheric Context;49
1.2.1;2.1 Study Regions;49
1.2.2;2.2 Change Analysis of Vegetated Land Surface;51
1.2.3;2.3 Retrospective Trend Analysis Reveals Areas of Significant Change;52
1.2.4;2.4 Vegetation Change in Three Epochs;53
1.2.5;2.5 Land Cover Variation and Change;56
1.2.6;2.6 Precipitation Variation and Change;60
1.2.7;2.7 Conclusion;64
1.2.8;References;65
1.3;3 NEESPI and MAIRS Programs in Dryland East Asia;71
1.3.1;3.1 Introduction;71
1.3.2;3.2 Contrast and Comparison;73
1.3.2.1;3.2.1 The Programs;73
1.3.2.2;3.2.2 Research Approaches;74
1.3.2.3;3.2.3 Organization Structure;75
1.3.2.4;3.2.4 Major Research Activities;75
1.3.3;3.3 Major Findings and Achievements;76
1.3.3.1;3.3.1 Understanding Climate Change;76
1.3.3.2;3.3.2 Understanding Societal Consequences;77
1.3.3.3;3.3.3 Understanding Ecosystem Impacts;79
1.3.3.4;3.3.4 Institutional Responses to Environmental Change;80
1.3.3.5;3.3.5 Understanding Challenges;80
1.3.4;3.4 Conclusions;82
1.3.5;References;83
1.4;4 Land Use and Land Cover Change in Dryland East Asia;87
1.4.1;4.1 Introduction;88
1.4.2;4.2 Global Land Use Changes through Centuries;91
1.4.3;4.3 Long-Term Changes in Cropland and Pastureland in DEA;92
1.4.4;4.4 Recent Changes in Asian Drylands;94
1.4.4.1;4.4.1 Rangeland Degradation and Desertification and Increased Cropland;94
1.4.4.2;4.4.2 Grassland Recovery;98
1.4.4.3;4.4.3 Reforestation/Afforestation;98
1.4.5;4.5 Sahel Land Use Change;100
1.4.6;References;104
1.5;5 Urban Expansion and Environment Change in Dryland East Asia;107
1.5.1;5.1 Introduction;107
1.5.2;5.2 Study Area, Data, and Methodology;109
1.5.2.1;5.2.1 Study Area;109
1.5.2.2;5.2.2 Data and Methodology;111
1.5.3;5.3 Findings;112
1.5.3.1;5.3.1 Urban Expansion;113
1.5.3.2;5.3.2 Environment Impact;116
1.5.4;5.4 Case of ¨Ur¨umqi;118
1.5.4.1;5.4.1 Spatio-Temporal Change in Ürümqi;118
1.5.4.2;5.4.2 Environment Challenges of Ürümqi;120
1.5.5;5.5 Discussion;122
1.5.5.1;5.5.1 Characteristics of Urbanization in Arid Regions;122
1.5.5.2;5.5.2 Socio-Economic Factors Driving Urbanization;123
1.5.6;5.6 Conclusions;125
1.5.7;References;126
1.6;6 Ecosystem Carbon Cycle under Changing Atmosphere, Climate and Land Use in Dryland East Asia;131
1.6.1;6.1 Introduction;131
1.6.2;6.2 Simulated Ecosystem Carbon Patterns in DEA;132
1.6.3;6.3 Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Cycling to Atmospheric Change;136
1.6.3.1;6.3.1 CO2 Enrichment;136
1.6.3.2;6.3.2 Nitrogen Deposition and Its Impact on DEA Ecosystems;137
1.6.4;6.4 Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Cycling to Climate Change;138
1.6.4.1;6.4.1 Responses to Precipitation Changes;138
1.6.4.2;6.4.2 Responses to Temperature Changes;139
1.6.5;6.5 Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Cycling to Land Use and Land Cover Changes;140
1.6.6;6.6 Interactions among Environmental Changes;141
1.6.6.1;6.6.1 Limitation of Nitrogen Availability on CO2 Impacts;141
1.6.6.2;6.6.2 Dependence of Nitrogen Effects on Water Status (Precipitation Regimes);142
1.6.6.3;6.6.3 Interaction between Temperature (Warming) and Water Availability (Precipitation);142
1.6.6.4;6.6.4 Relationship and Interactions between Land Use and Climate Changes on Ecosystem Carbon Cycling;143
1.6.7;6.7 Carbon Sequestration Potential and Human Adaption to Climate Change;144
1.6.8;References;144
1.7;7 Dynamics of Vegetation Productivity in Dryland East Asia from 1982 to 2010;151
1.7.1;7.1 Introduction;151
1.7.2;7.2 Data and Methods;153
1.7.2.1;7.2.1 AVHRR NDVI;153
1.7.2.2;7.2.2 MODIS NDVI;154
1.7.2.3;7.2.3 Land Cover Map;155
1.7.2.4;7.2.4 MERRA Reanalysis Data;155
1.7.2.5;7.2.5 Agricultural Statistics;155
1.7.2.6;7.2.6 Statistical Analysis;157
1.7.3;7.3 Results and Discussion;157
1.7.3.1;7.3.1 Trends of Spatially-Averaged NDVI;157
1.7.3.2;7.3.2 Spatial Patterns of NDVI Trends;161
1.7.3.3;7.3.3 Climatic Drivers;163
1.7.3.4;7.3.4 Other Drivers;165
1.7.4;7.4 Conclusions;168
1.7.5;References;169
1.8;Summary I : Contexts of Change;175
2;Part II. Consequences;177
2.1;8 Impacts of Global Change on Water Resources in Dryland East Asia;179
2.1.1;8.1 Introduction;180
2.1.2;8.2 Key Water Resource Challenges;183
2.1.2.1;8.2.1 Distribution ofWater Balances across DEA and Historical Changes;183
2.1.2.2;8.2.2 Land Use/Land Cover Change;186
2.1.2.3;8.2.3 Agricultural Irrigation and Industrialization;189
2.1.2.4;8.2.4 Climate Change;191
2.1.3;8.3 Water Resources under Environmental Changes: Case Studies;193
2.1.3.1;8.3.1 Loess Plateau;193
2.1.3.2;8.3.2 Impacts of Future Climate Change on Runoff across DEA;197
2.1.4;8.4 Conclusions;200
2.1.5;References;201
2.2;9 Examining Changes in Land Cover and Land Use, Regional Climate and Dust in Dryland East Asia and Their Linkages within the Earth System;209
2.2.1;9.1 Introduction;210
2.2.2;9.2 Assessment of Decadal Dust Emission Based on Historical LCLU, Regional Climate and the Regional Coupled Dust Modeling System WRF-Chem-DuMo;211
2.2.3;9.3 Observation-based Dust Climatology and Its Relationship to LCLU and Regional Climate;220
2.2.4;9.4 A Satellite Perspective on the Last Decade;225
2.2.5;9.5 Impacts of Dust on Human-Environment-Climate Systems;229
2.2.6;References;232
2.3;10 Biophysical Regulations of Grassland Ecosystem Carbon and Water Fluxes in DEA;239
2.3.1;10.1 Brief Introduction of Abiotic and Biotic Factors in Relation to Carbon and Water Fluxes in DEA;239
2.3.2;10.2 Biophysical Regulations of Carbon Fluxes between Grazed and Ungrazed Grasslands;246
2.3.2.1;10.2.1 Responses of Daytime Net Ecosystem Exchange to Biotic/Abiotic Factors;246
2.3.2.2;10.2.2 Response of Nighttime NEE (Re) to T and SWC;250
2.3.2.3;10.3 Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes between Grassland and Cultivated Cropland;253
2.3.2.3.1;10.3.1 Responses of Daytime NEE to Biotic/Abiotic Factors;253
2.3.2.3.2;10.3.2 Response of Nighttime NEE (Re) to T and SWC;256
2.3.2.4;10.4 Biophysical Regulations of Water and Energy Fluxes;258
2.3.2.4.1;10.4.1 Energy Partitioning and Its Response to Abiotic/Biotic Factors;258
2.3.2.4.2;10.4.2 EcosystemWater and Energy Fluxes between Grazed and Ungrazed Grasslands and between Grassland and Cultivated Cropland;259
2.3.3;References;266
2.4;11 Afforestation and Forests at the Dryland Edges: Lessons Learned and Future Outlooks;271
2.4.1;11.1 Introduction;271
2.4.2;11.2 Vegetation Zonation and Climate;272
2.4.3;11.3 Climate Forcing Effect of Forests: Ambiguous Conditions at the Dryland Edges;273
2.4.3.1;11.3.1 Low Elevation Xeric Limits: Vulnerable Forest-Grassland Transition;276
2.4.3.2;11.3.2 Management of Forests—Plantations vs. Close to Nature Ecosystems;277
2.4.4;11.4 Effects of Forest Management on Forest Hydrological Balances in Dry Regions: A Comparison of China and the United States;278
2.4.4.1;11.4.1 China;279
2.4.4.2;11.4.2 United States;280
2.4.5;11.5 Past and Future of Forest Policy in Dryland Regions of China;281
2.4.5.1;11.5.1 Causes and Consequences of Expanding Desertification;281
2.4.5.2;11.5.2 Shelterbelt Development and Sand Control Programs in China;281
2.4.5.3;11.5.3 Debates and Critics about the Achievements of the Past Programs;282
2.4.5.4;11.5.4 Lessons Learned from Past;284
2.4.6;11.6 Conclusions;284
2.4.7;References;285
2.5;12 Human Impact and Land Degradation in Mongolia;291
2.5.1;12.1 Introduction;292
2.5.2;12.2 Land Degradation Overview;292
2.5.2.1;12.2.1 Mining Land Degradation;293
2.5.2.2;12.2.2 Land Degradation by Road;295
2.5.2.3;12.2.3 Pastureland Degradation and Desertification;296
2.5.2.4;12.2.4 Soil Erosion of Arable Land;298
2.5.2.5;12.2.5 Deforestation;299
2.5.2.6;12.2.6 Soil Pollution;300
2.5.3;12.3 Use of Fallout Radionuclide Methods for Soil Erosion Study;300
2.5.4;12.4 Conclusions;304
2.5.5;References;305
2.6;13 The Effect of Large-Scale Conservation Programs on the Vegetative Development of China’s Loess Plateau;309
2.6.1;13.1 Introduction;310
2.6.2;13.2 Conservation Programs;311
2.6.3;13.3 Study Region;312
2.6.3.1;13.3.1 Loess Plateau;312
2.6.3.2;13.3.2 Subset for Fine Scale Analysis;313
2.6.4;13.4 Data;314
2.6.4.1;13.4.1 MODIS Data;314
2.6.4.2;13.4.2 Landsat Data;315
2.6.4.3;13.4.3 Grazing Statistics;316
2.6.4.4;13.4.4 Anthromes;316
2.6.5;13.5 Methods;319
2.6.6;13.6 Results and Discussion;319
2.6.6.1;13.6.1 Vegetation Index and Albedo Changes;319
2.6.6.2;13.6.2 500 m NDVI Changes;322
2.6.6.3;13.6.3 Grazing Intensity Change;324
2.6.7;13.7 Conclusions;328
2.6.8;References;329
2.7;Summary II : Consequences;333
3;Part III. Solutions/Adaptations;335
3.1;14 Monitoring and Assessment of Dryland Ecosystems with Remote Sensing;337
3.1.1;14.1 Problems of Land Degradation and Desertification in Drylands: Current Challenges and Perspectives;338
3.1.2;14.2 Indicators of Land Degradation/Desertification and Their Detection by Remote Sensing;344
3.1.2.1;14.2.1 History of Degradation/Desertification Indicator Development in Recent Decades;344
3.1.2.2;14.2.2 Retrieving Biophysical Spectral Information with Remote Sensing for DLDD;348
3.1.2.3;14.2.3 Bio-physiological Indexes for Assessment and Monitoring;355
3.1.3;14.3 Review of Available Sensors and Data over DEA and Their Suitability for Detecting Desertification Indicators;358
3.1.3.1;14.3.1 Short Outlook on Future Satellite Sensors over DEA;361
3.1.4;14.4 Remote Sensing Approach for Desertification Assessment in Central Asia: History, Current Research, and Perspectives—A Case Study;363
3.1.5;14.5 Conclusions;368
3.1.6;References;369
3.2;15 The Effects of Spatial Resolution on Vegetation Area Estimates in the Lower Tarim River Basin, Northwestern China;377
3.2.1;15.1 Introduction;377
3.2.2;15.2 Study Area;379
3.2.3;15.3 Methodology;380
3.2.4;15.4 Results and Discussion;382
3.2.5;15.5 Conclusions;386
3.2.6;References;387
3.3;16 New Ecology Education: Preparing Students for the Complex Human- Environmental Problems of Dryland East Asia;389
3.3.1;16.1 Introduction;390
3.3.2;16.2 Description of New Ecology Education;391
3.3.2.1;16.2.1 Topic 1: What’s Going On? (Conceptual Models);395
3.3.2.2;16.2.2 Topic 2: Life Is So Confusing! (Nonlinearity);396
3.3.2.3;16.2.3 Topic 3: Everything Is Connected to Everything Else (Systems Thinking);400
3.3.2.4;16.2.4 Topic 4: Climbing Up-and-Down the Complexity Ladder (Hierarchy Theory);402
3.3.2.5;16.2.5 Topic 5: What Does It Take to Change This System? (Resilience);404
3.3.2.6;16.2.6 Topic 6: Coping with Land Degradation in Drylands (Ecosystem Services);408
3.3.2.7;16.2.7 Topic 7: Unraveling the Complexity of Coupled H-E Systems and Desertification (The Drylands Development Paradigm);412
3.3.2.8;16.2.8 Topic 8: Where Art, Science, and Craft Meet (Ostrom’s Framework);418
3.3.3;16.3 Conclusions;420
3.3.4;References;422
3.4;17 Grassland Degradation and Restoration in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China from the 1950s to 2000s: Population, Policies and Profits;431
3.4.1;17.1 Introduction;431
3.4.2;17.2 Population and Urbanization in IM;433
3.4.2.1;17.2.1 Population Evolution;434
3.4.2.2;17.2.2 Population and Over-Grazing;435
3.4.2.3;17.2.3 Urbanization and Restoration;436
3.4.3;17.3 Policy, Laws and Regulation for Grassland;438
3.4.4;17.4 From Production to Profits;440
3.4.4.1;17.4.1 Animal Husbandry;440
3.4.4.2;17.4.2 Tourism Development;442
3.4.4.3;17.4.3 Environmental Service;444
3.4.5;17.5 Conclusions;444
3.4.6;References;446
3.5;18 Sustainable Governance of the Mongolian Grasslands: Comparing Ecological and Social-Institutional Changes in the Context of Climate Change in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China;451
3.5.1;18.1 Introduction;452
3.5.2;18.2 Explanatory Models of Grassland Dynamics;453
3.5.3;18.3 Analyses and Results;455
3.5.3.1;18.3.1 Collectivization of Pastures and Livestock;457
3.5.3.2;18.3.2 Privatization and Market Incentives;460
3.5.3.3;18.3.3 Recentralization of Grassland Management in IM, China;462
3.5.3.4;18.3.4 Changing Roles of the State, Market and Community for Grassland Management;463
3.5.3.5;18.3.5 Climate Variability and Change: History and Future;464
3.5.4;18.4 Discussion;465
3.5.5;18.5 Conclusions;468
3.5.6;References;469
3.6;19 Adaptive Management of Grazing Lands;473
3.6.1;19.1 Introduction;473
3.6.2;19.2 Distribution of Grazing Lands and Problems;476
3.6.3;19.3 Case Study and Adaptive Management in IM;477
3.6.3.1;19.3.1 Study Site;477
3.6.3.2;19.3.2 The ACIAR-Model;478
3.6.3.3;19.3.3 Typical Farm;479
3.6.3.4;19.3.4 Economic Stocking Rate;479
3.6.3.5;19.3.5 Improved Feeding of Livestock during Winter and Spring;480
3.6.3.6;19.3.6 Changing Lambing Time;482
3.6.3.7;19.3.7 Use of Warm Sheds during Cold Seasons;484
3.6.4;19.4 Conclusions and Discussion;486
3.6.5;References;489
3.7;Summary III: Solutions and Adaptations;491
4;Index;493

Über Autor(innen)

Jiquan Chen, University of Toledo, OH, USA; Shiqiang Wan, Henan University, China; Geoffrey Henebry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA; Jiaguo Qi, Michigan State University, Ann Arbor, USA; Garik Gutman, Land Cover Land Use Change Program, NASA, Washington DC, USA; Ge Sun, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Asheville, NC, USA; Martin Kappas, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany.