Capri / Karpouzas Pesticide Risk Assessment in Rice Paddies: Theory and Practice

1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-0-08-055114-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 266 Seiten

Rice is cultivated throughout the world under submerged conditions. The high water requirements and the heavy pesticide load used in rice paddies worldwide have resulted in contamination of associated surface water, such as streams, ditches, rivers and lakes. The uniform risk assessment approach which has been developed for other crops is not applicable to rice paddies, because of the specific conditions applied to rice cultivation.
Pesticide Risk Assessment in Rice Paddies: Theory and Practice fills the gap in information on this subject. Written by experts, this book summarizes the methods used for pesticide risk assessment in rice paddies, the limitations and problems encountered and future developments. It also examines the various agronomic, pesticide application and risk assessment approaches used in different rice cultivated zones in Asia, America and Europe and is an essential reference for those working in this area.
* The only up-to-date book dealing with pesticide risk assessment in the flooded conditions of rice paddies
* Offers guidelines on the use and application of existing modeling tools, specific for rice cultivation
* Presents the differences and similarities in rice cropping systems and how these relate to pesticide risk assessment

Autoren/Hrsg.

Capri, Ettore

Karpouzas, Dimitrios

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2;Contents;4
3;Preface;8
4;Chapter 1. Rice Cultivation in the E.U. Ecological Conditions and Agronomical Practices;10
4.1;1. Introduction;10
4.2;2. Rice Ecosystems;11
4.3;3. Rice Cultivation in Europe;13
4.4;4. Ecological Conditions;15
4.5;5. Agronomic Practices;17
4.6;6. Weeds and weed Management;23
4.7;7. Rice Diseases;29
4.8;8. Invertebrate Pests;29
4.9;9. Ripening and Harvesting;30
4.10;10. Paddy Drying Process and Product Preservation;31
4.11;11. Crop Management and Environment;31
4.12;References;32
5;Chapter 2. Regulatory Aspects of Pesticide Risk Assessment;34
5.1;1. Introduction;35
5.2;2. The Legislative Framework;35
5.3;3. The Scientific Assessment of Active Substances;37
5.4;4. The Process of Pesticide Approvaland Registration;45
5.5;5. Current Developments in the Pesticide Regulatory Process in the EU;49
5.6;References;52
6;Chapter 3. Will Risk Assessment Help Risk Management?;54
6.1;1. Introduction;54
6.2;2. The Knowledge Transfer Process;55
6.3;3. Management by Methodology;60
6.4;4. A Gradient from Science to Management;64
6.5;References;65
7;Chapter 4. Water Resource Contamination in Italian Paddy Areas;68
7.1;1. Introduction;68
7.2;2. Potential Non-Point Contamination;69
7.3;3. Defining Vulnerable Areas;71
7.4;4. Human Risk;73
7.5;References;75
8;Chapter 5. Ecotoxicology of Rice Pesticides;78
8.1;1. Introduction;78
8.2;2. Environmentaland Ecotoxicity Data for risk Assessment of Pesticides;80
8.3;3. Specific Issues Associated with Paddy Rice;83
8.4;4. Ecotoxicologicalassessment of Rice Pesticides;86
8.5;5. Conclusions;96
8.6;References;97
9;Chapter 6. Pesticide Exposure Assessment in Rice Paddies: The Lower-Tier Analysis;100
9.1;1. Introduction;100
9.2;2. Environmental fate Data Requirements;101
9.3;3. Definition of Scenarios for Exposure Assessment;101
9.4;4. Predicted Environmental Concentrations in Surface water and Sediment;103
9.5;5. Predicted Environmental Concentrations in Groundwater;108
9.6;6. Predicted Environmental Concentrations in Soil;110
9.7;7. Step 2 Exposure Assessment;111
9.8;8. Conclusions;131
9.9;References;132
10;Chapter 7. Higher Tier Exposure Assessment in Rice Paddy Areas: A European Perspective;134
10.1;1. Introduction;134
10.2;2. Exposure Assessment at tier 3: Paddy Field Scale Level;137
10.3;3. Exposure Assessment at tier 4: Basin-Scale Level;154
10.4;4. Concluding Remarks and the way Forward;169
10.5;Acknowledgments;171
10.6;References;171
11;Chapter 8. Pesticide Exposure Assessment in Rice Paddy Areas: A Japanese Perspective;176
11.1;1. Introduction;177
11.2;2. Pesticide use in Japan;178
11.3;3. Pesticide Regulation in Japan;179
11.4;4. Tier System Approach in the New Pesticide Registration Scheme;180
11.5;5. Monitoring Pesticide Risk in Monsoon Asian Climate;189
11.6;6. Modeling the fate and Transport of Pesticides at Paddy Field and Watershed Scale;201
11.7;7. Risk Management for Reducing Pesticide Losses into Aquatic Environments in Asian Monsoon Climate;215
11.8;8. Summary and Conclusions;218
11.9;References;220
12;Chapter 9. Higher Tier Exposure Assessments in Rice Paddy Areas: An American Perspective;224
12.1;1. Overview of Rice Production in the United States;224
12.2;2. United States Environmental Protection Agency Tiered Process for risk Assessment;226
12.3;3. Tier 1 Assessment;227
12.4;4. Tier 2 Assessment (Ricewq/Exams);228
12.5;5. Tier 3 Assessment (Ricewq/Rivwq Watershed);235
12.6;6. Tier 4 Assessment (Monitoring/Mitigation);238
12.7;7. Discussion;242
12.8;8. Disclaimer;244
12.9;References;244
13;Chapter 10. Socio-Economic and Environmental Cost-Benefit Analysis of Rice Cultivation;246
13.1;1. Introduction: Externalities, Public Goods and Economic Value of the Resource-Environment System;246
13.2;2. Towards a General Framework for a Social Cost-Benefit Analysis of Rice Cultivation;248
13.3;3. Economic Tools and Techniques for the Economic Evaluation of Costs and Benefits;252
13.4;4. Quantitative Assessment of Specific Aspects of Rice Cultivation;253
13.5;5. Major Issues and Perspectives for Future Work;254
13.6;References;256
14;Subject Index;258
15;Colour Plate Section;260