Buchmeier Neurovirology: Viruses and the Brain

1. Auflage 2001
ISBN: 978-0-08-049380-0
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 56, 645 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: Advances in Virus Research

This volume is the first in a planned series of thematic volumes for Advances in Virus Research. It covers the etiology, pathogenetic mechanisms, and clincial consequences of human neurotropic viruses. Buchmeier is a virologist, Campbell an immunologist, and both are extremely well known in their fields. - Numerous illustrations including colour - Knowledgeable discussion of the potential role of viral infections in teratogenic and developmental disorders - Frank discussion of the role of stress in disease - Behavioural consequences of chronic CNS infection

Autoren/Hrsg.

Buchmeier, Michael

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover ;1
2;Contents;6
3;Part 1: Basic Models;16
3.1;Chapter 1. Genetic Determinants of Neurovirulence of Murine Oncornaviruses;18
3.1.1;I. Introduction;18
3.1.2;II. Clinicopathological Manifestations of Neurovirulent Murine Oncornavirus Infection;21
3.1.3;III. Mapping of Viral Determinants of Neurologic Disease;23
3.1.4;IV. Viral Sequences that Determine Neuroinvasiveness;27
3.1.5;V. Host Factors and Neuroinvasiveness;30
3.1.6;VI. Viral Envelope Sequences that Determine Neurotoxicity;32
3.1.7;VII. Cell Types Involved in Neurovirulence;36
3.1.8;VIII. Envelope Expression in Microglia;38
3.1.9;IX. Role of Inflammation;40
3.1.10;X. Retroviruses and Multiple Sclerosis;42
3.1.11;XI. Concluding Remarks;44
3.1.12;References;44
3.2;Chapter 2. Pseudorabies Virus Neuroinvasiveness: A Window into the Functional Organization of the Brain;54
3.2.1;I. Viruses and the Nervous System;54
3.2.2;II. Neuronal Architecture and Neurotropic Viruses;56
3.2.3;III. Importance of Using Well-Characterized Strains of Virus;59
3.2.4;IV. Replication and Intracellular Spread of Pseudorabies Virus in the Brain;61
3.2.5;V. Brain Defenses and Neuroinvasiveness;72
3.2.6;VI. Recombinant Viruses and the Nervous System;77
3.2.7;VII. Viral Circuit Analysis: Future Applications;80
3.2.8;VIII. Conclusions;81
3.2.9;References;81
3.3;Chapter 3. Neurovirology and Developmental Neurobiology;88
3.3.1;I. Introduction;88
3.3.2;II. Central Nervous System Development;89
3.3.3;III. Virus Replication;94
3.3.4;IV. Alphavirus Infections as Examples of Age-Related Neurovirulence;97
3.3.5;V. Virus Infections of Developing Nervous System;112
3.3.6;VI. Other Important Infections of the Developing Human Central Nervous System;120
3.3.7;References;124
4;Part 2: Viral Immune Responses in the Central Nervous System;140
4.1;Chapter 4. Chemokines and Viral Diseases of the Central Nervous System;142
4.1.1;I. Introduction;142
4.1.2;II. Chemokines and their Receptors: An Overview;144
4.1.3;III. Chemokines and their Receptors in the Central Nervous System;154
4.1.4;IV. Chemokines and their Receptors in Viral Diseases of the Central Nervous System;158
4.1.5;V. Concluding Remarks;172
4.1.6;References;174
4.2;Chapter 5. Regulation of T Cell Responses During Central Nervous System Viral Infection;190
4.2.1;I. Introduction;190
4.2.2;II. Effector Functions of T Cells during CNS Viral Infection;191
4.2.3;III. Regulation of T Cell Responses during CNS Viral Infection;194
4.2.4;IV. Concluding Remarks;207
4.2.5;References;209
4.3;Chapter 6. Virus-Induced Autoimmunity: Epitope Spreading to Myelin Autoepitopes in Theiler’s Virus Infection of the Central Nervous System;214
4.3.1;I. Introduction;214
4.3.2;II. Relevance of Murine TMEV-Induced Demyelinating Disease to Human Multiple Sclerosis;216
4.3.3;III. TMEV Infection as Model of Persistent Virus-Induced, CD4+ T Cell-Mediated Demyelination;216
4.3.4;IV. Virus-Specific CD4+ T Cell Respones Initiate Disease;219
4.3.5;V. Myelin-Specific CD4+ T Cell Responses: Pathologic Role in Chronic Theiler’s Virus-Induced Demyelinating Disease;219
4.3.6;VI. Myelin Epitope-Specific CD4+ T Cell Responses in TMEV-Infected Mice Arising via Epitope Spreading;223
4.3.7;VII. Endogenous Presentation of Virus and Myelin Epitopes by CNS-Resident Antigen-Presenting C in TMEV-Infected Mice;224
4.3.8;VIII. Summary;226
4.3.9;References;227
4.4;Chapter 7. Selection of and Evasion from Cytotoxic T Cell Responses in the Central Nervous System;234
4.4.1;I. Objectives of this Review;234
4.4.2;II. Introduction;235
4.4.3;III. Selection of CTL Escape Mutants in Viral Encephalomyelitis;241
4.4.4;IV. Conclusions and Future Directions;249
4.4.5;References;251
4.5;Chapter 8. DNA Immunization and Central Nervous System Viral Infection;258
4.5.1;I. Virus Infections of the Central Nervous System;259
4.5.2;II. Antiviral Immune Response;264
4.5.3;III. Central Nervous System as a Haven for Viruses;271
4.5.4;IV. Vaccinating Against Virus-Induced CNS Diseases: An Introduction to Mouse Models;273
4.5.5;V. DNA Vaccines and CNS Viral Infections;277
4.5.6;References;281
5;Part 3: Spongiform Encephalopathies;290
5.1;Chapter 9. Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies and Prion Proten Interconversions;292
5.1.1;I. Introduction;292
5.1.2;II. Tranmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies in Humans and Animals;294
5.1.3;III. Prion Protein: Cellular and Molecular Aspects;300
5.1.4;IV. Current Issues in TSE Research;310
5.1.5;References;317
5.2;Chapter 10. Spongiform Encephalopathies: Insights from Transgenic Models;328
5.2.1;I. Introduction;328
5.2.2;II. Transgenic Models for Human Hereditary Prion Diseases;332
5.2.3;III. Mice as Transgenic Models;334
5.2.4;IV. Structure-Function Studies on PrP Gene;337
5.2.5;V. Species Barrier.;340
5.2.6;VI. Prion Strains;343
5.2.7;VII. Ectopic Expression of PrP in PrnP-Ablated Mice;345
5.2.8;VIII. Prions and the Central Nervous System;347
5.2.9;IX. Conclusion;357
5.2.10;References;358
6;Part 4: HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus;368
6.1;Chapter 11. The Blood–Brain Barrier and AIDS;370
6.1.1;I. Introduction;370
6.1.2;II. AIDS Dementia versus HIV Encephalitis;372
6.1.3;III. Timing of Viral Entry into the CNS;375
6.1.4;IV. Mechanisms and Models of Viral Entry;375
6.1.5;V. The Central Nervous System as a Viral Reservoir;383
6.1.6;VI. Animal Models;386
6.1.7;References;395
6.2;Chapter 12. Neuroimmune and Neurovirological Aspects of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection;404
6.2.1;I. Introduction;404
6.2.2;II. Clinical Aspects;407
6.2.3;III. Virological Aspects;414
6.2.4;IV. Neuropathogenesis;415
6.2.5;V. Animal Models;430
6.2.6;VI. Unanswered Questions;432
6.2.7;VII. Summary ;433
6.2.8;References;433
6.3;Chapter 13. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Model of HIV-Induced Central Nervous System Dysfunction;450
6.3.1;I. Introduction;450
6.3.2;II. Animal Models;452
6.3.3;III. Brain Infection;460
6.3.4;IV. Host Responses;461
6.3.5;V. Chemokines and Their Receptors;467
6.3.6;VI. Central Nervous System Dysfunction;469
6.3.7;VII. Chemotherapy and Prophylaxis;472
6.3.8;VIII. Conclusion;473
6.3.9;References;474
6.4;Chapter 14. Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions during Viral Infections;484
6.4.1;I. Introduction;484
6.4.2;II. Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal (HPA) Axis;485
6.4.3;III. Glucocorticoid Induction during Viral Infections: Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways;489
6.4.4;IV. Impact of Glucocorticoids on Target Tissues;506
6.4.5;V. Role of HPA in Shaping Immune Response during Viral Infection;509
6.4.6;VI. Conclusions;515
6.4.7;References;515
7;Part 5: Preclinical and Clincal Models;530
7.1;Chapter 15. Role of Viruses in Etiology and Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis;532
7.1.1;I. Introduction;532
7.1.2;II. Etiology of Multiple Sclerosis;533
7.1.3;III. Viruses in Multiple Sclerosis;544
7.1.4;IV. Conclusions;558
7.1.5;References;559
7.2;Chapter 16. Bornavirus Tropism and Targeted Pathogenesis: Virus–Host Interactions in a Neurodevelopmental Model;572
7.2.1;I. Introduction;572
7.2.2;II. Mechanisms for Neurotropism: Phosphorylation of Borna DiseaseVirus Phosphoprotein by Protien Kinase Ce;573
7.2.3;III. Mechansisms for BDV Persistence;574
7.2.4;IV. Borna Disease Rat Models for Human Central Nervous System Disorders;576
7.2.5;V. Summary;591
7.2.6;References;591
7.3;Chapter 17. Paradigms for Behavioral Assessment of Viral Pathogenesis;598
7.3.1;I. Introduction;598
7.3.2;II. Behavioral Effects of Viral Infection in Rodents;600
7.3.3;III. Behavioral Effects of Viral Infection in Nonhuman Primates;614
7.3.4;IV. Conclusion;632
7.3.5;References;633
8;Index;642