Brown / Rickel / Daly Chronic Illness in Children and Adolescents

1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-1-61334-319-7
Verlag: Hogrefe Publishing
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 94 Seiten

Reihe: Advances in Psychotherapy - Evidence-Based Practice

Management of chronic illness in children and adolescents often is a multifaceted challenge that requires the attention and expertise of individuals from a variety of disciplines that include psychology, psychiatry, social work, and medicine. The aim of this book is to provide readers with a practical overview of the definitions, characteristics, theories and models, diagnostic and treatment indications, and relevant aspects and methods of evidence-based psychosocial treatments for chronic illness in children and adolescents. Although treatments and research for chronic conditions are reviewed in general, particular attention is directed at asthma, cancer, cystic fibrosis, diabetes mellitus, and sickle cell disease due to the high incidence of these chronic diseases among children and adolescents. Case vignettes and suggestions for further reading are provided for the interested reader.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Brown, Ronald T.

Rickel, Annette U.

Daly, Brian P

Fachgebiete

• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Medizinische Fachgebiete Kinder- & Jugendpsychiatrie
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Klinische und Innere Medizin Pädiatrie, Neonatologie
• Sozialwissenschaften Psychologie Psychotherapie / Klinische Psychologie Kinder- und Jugendlichenpsychotherapie

Leseproben

1 Description Management of chronic illness in children and adolescents often is a multifaceted challenge that requires the attention and expertise of individuals from a variety of disciplines that include psychology, psychiatry, social work, and medicine. The aim of this book is to provide readers with a practical overview of the definitions, characteristics, theories and models, diagnostic and treatment indications, and relevant aspects and methods of evidence-based psychosocial treatments for chronic illness in children and adolescents. Although treatments and research for chronic conditions are reviewed in general, particular attention is directed at asthma, cancer, cystic fibrosis, diabetes mellitus, and sickle cell disease due to the high incidence of these chronic diseases among children and adolescents. Case vignettes and suggestions for further reading are provided for the interested reader. 1.1    Terminology The International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) names and codes for selected general medical conditions are found in Appendix G of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DMS-IV-TR, American Psychiatric Association, 2000). The most recent ICD codes, ICD-10, were updated following publication of the DSM-IV-TR. Thus, because the DSM-IV-TR is the most recent version of the DSM, we describe conditions coded according to ICD-9-CM criteria. As part of the multiaxial assessment, these conditions should be listed on Axis III, General Medical Conditions. Below are a sample of the codes and names for common childhood and adolescent chronic illnesses listed in Appendix G of the DSM-IV-TR. It should be noted that this list represents only a sample of childhood chronic illnesses and is by no means exhaustive. Page limitations preclude a description of all chronic diseases. Diseases of the Nervous System •   345.10 Epilepsy, grand mal •   345.40 Epilepsy, partial, with impairment of consciousness (temporal lobe) •   345.50 Epilepsy, partial, without impairment of consciousness (Jacksonian) •   345.00 Epilepsy, petit mal (absences) Diseases of the Circulatory System •   416.9 Chronic pulmonary heart disease Diseases of the Respiratory System •   493.20 Asthma, chronic obstructive •   493.90 Asthma, unspecified •   277.00 Cystic fibrosis Neoplasms •   208.10 Leukemia, chronic Endocrine Diseases •   250.00 Diabetes mellitus, type II/noninsulin-dependent •   250.01 Diabetes mellitus, type I/insulin-dependent Table 1
Pediatric Disorders from Major Pediatric Subspecialty Populations with Examples of Relevant Psychological Aspects Subspecialty Condition Representative psychological aspects Cardiology Congenital heart defects Impaired cognitive function secondary to hypoxia, parental guilt about responsibility for anomaly Acquired heart defects Restriction of activity secondary to blood thinner used in valve replacement Hypertension Cognitive/mood effects of antihypertensive medication Endocrinology Diabetes mellitus Nonadherence with complex self-care regimen Gastroenterology Nonorganic recurrent abdominal pain Reinforcement of child “sick” behavior, family dysfunction Iletis (Chron’s disease) Impaired self-esteem Hematology Sickle cell disease Recurrent pain, cognitive changes Hemophilia Chronic arthritic pain Infectious disease AIDS Cognitive deterioration, depression Neonatology Brochopulmonary dysplasia Feeding disorders, developmental delays Nephrology Renal failure Treatment nonadherence, cognitive symptoms Cushing syndrome Muscle weakness, body composition changes Neurology Seizures Medication-induced changes in cognitive functioning Oncology Leukemia Coping with adverse medical diagnostic and treatment procedures Solid tumors Pain, treatment-related cognitive changes, death and dying issues Nutritional Diseases •   278.00 Obesity Metabolic Diseases •   275.1 Wilson’s disease Musculoskeletal System and Connective Tissue Diseases •   714.00 Arthritis, rheumatoid •   710.00 Systemic lupus erythematosus Congenital Malformations, Deformations, and Chromosomal Abnormalities •   741.90 Spina bifida Infectious Diseases •   042 HIV infection (symptomatic) 1.2    Definition Chronic illness may affect a person’s health status or psychological functioning Chronic illness and physical disability (chronic health problems) generally refer to a disease state that has symptoms with a protracted course and involves one or more organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, blood) and may impair health status or psychological functioning (Brown, 2006). Conditions are defined as chronic when they persist for more than three months within one year, affect the child’s typical functioning and normal activities, and require ongoing care from one or more health care providers (Wallander, Thompson, & Alriksson-Smith, 2003). Some examples of chronic conditions include (but are not limited to): severe asthma, birth defects, type I and type II diabetes mellitus, congenital heart disease, depression, developmental disabilities, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, sickle cell disease, hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, cancer, head injuries, epilepsy, spina bifida, and HIV/AIDS. Table 2
Chronic Illness Terminology and Definitions Term Definition Acute illness A disease with an abrupt onset and usually a short course. Adherence The extent to which an individual’s behavior agrees with advice given by health care providers. Adaptation to illness The psychological functioning and personal adjustment of children and adolescents who suffer from a chronic illness. Chronic health problems A health problem that lasts over three months, affects the child or adolescents normal activities, and requires lots of hospitalizations and/or home health care and/or extensive medical care. Chronic illness A disease state that has symptoms with a protracted course and involvement of one or more organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, blood) and may impair health status or psychological functioning, and lasts three months or longer. Coping Changing thoughts and behaviors to manage distress and the problem underlying the distress in the context of a specific stressful encounter or situation. Physical disability Physical impairment that seriously limits one or more functional capacities. Special health care needs Children and adolescent who have or are at increased risk for a chronic physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional condition and who also require health and related services of a type beyond that required by children generally. Pain management The process of attempting to alleviate or reduce pain. Acute illness episodes last less than three months An acute illness differs from a chronic illness in that it comes about suddenly and often has an identifiable cause. Generally, acute illnesses may be readily treated and the patient often experiences a return to normal health. These acute episodes tend to last less than three months. Some examples of acute illness include appendicitis, ear infection, and pneumonia. In contrast, a chronic illness often begins gradually, may have an uncertain etiology, and has multiple risk factors. Although chronic illnesses may be managed medically, they are rarely able to be completely cured and often persist for extended periods of time and even sometimes for life (Wallander et al., 2003). For these reasons, some children and adolescents with a chronic illness and their families may often experience high levels of stress...