E-Book, Englisch, 288 Seiten
ISBN: 978-0-08-048010-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark
The book opens by setting the many power generation technologies in the context of global energy consumption, the development of the electricity generation industry and the economics involved in this sector. A series of chapters are each devoted to assessing the environmental and economic impact of a single technology, including conventional technologies, nuclear and renewable (such as solar, wind and hydropower). The technologies are presented in an easily digestible form.
Different power generation technologies have different greenhouse gas emissions and the link between greenhouse gases and global warming is a highly topical environmental and political issue. With developed nations worldwide looking to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide, it is becoming increasingly important to explore the effectiveness of a mix of energy generation technologies.
Power Generation Technologies gives a clear, unbiased review and comparison of the different types of power generation technologies available. In the light of the Kyoto protocol and OSPAR updates, Power Generation Technologies will provide an invaluable reference text for power generation planners, facility managers, consultants, policy makers and economists, as well as students and lecturers of related Engineering courses.
· Provides a unique comparison of a wide range of power generation technologies - conventional, nuclear and renewable
· Describes the workings and environmental impact of each technology
· Evaluates the economic viability of each different power generation system
Paul Breeze is a journalist and freelance Science and Technology writer and consultant in the UK who has specialized in power generation technology for the past 30 years. In addition to writing Power Generation Technologies, Second Edition, he has contributed to journals and newspapers such as The Financial Times and The Economist and has written a range of technical management reports covering all aspects of power generation, transmission, and distribution.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Cover;1
2;Table of contents;6
3;List of figures;10
4;List of tables;12
5;1 Introduction to electricity generation;14
5.1;History of the electricity generation industry;14
5.2;The evolution of electricity generation technologies;15
5.3;The politics of electricity;17
5.4;The size of the industry;18
5.5;End notes;20
6;2 Environmental considerations;21
6.1;The evolution of environmental awareness;21
6.2;The environmental effects of power generation;23
6.2.1;The carbon cycle and atmospheric warming;23
6.2.2;Controlling carbon dioxide;25
6.3;The hydrogen economy;26
6.4;Externalities;27
6.5;Life-cycle assessment;28
6.6;The bottom line;30
6.7;End notes;30
7;3 Coal-fired power plants;31
7.1;Types of coal;32
7.1.1;Coal cleaning and processing;33
7.2;Traditional coal-burning power plant technology;34
7.2.1;Boiler technology;35
7.2.2;Steam turbine design;37
7.2.3;Generators;39
7.3;Emission control for traditional coal-burning plants;40
7.3.1;Coal treatment;41
7.3.2;Low nitrogen oxides burners;41
7.3.3;Sulphur dioxide removal;42
7.3.4;Nitrogen oxides capture strategies;43
7.3.5;Combined sulphur and nitrogen oxides removal;43
7.3.6;Particulate removal;44
7.3.7;Mercury removal;44
7.3.8;Carbon dioxide;45
7.4;Advanced coal-burning power plant technology;46
7.4.1;Fluidised-bed combustion;46
7.4.2;Integrated-gasification combined cycle;48
7.5;Environmental effects of coal combustion;50
7.6;Financial risks associated with coal-fired power generation;51
7.7;The cost of coal-fired electricity generation;53
7.8;End notes;54
8;4 Gas turbines and combined cycle power plants;56
8.1;Natural gas;57
8.1.1;Natural gas costs;58
8.2;Gas turbine technology;59
8.2.1;Modern gas turbine design;61
8.3;Advanced gas turbine design;63
8.3.1;Reheating;63
8.3.2;Intercooling;65
8.3.3;Mass injection;65
8.3.4;Recuperation;66
8.4;Distributed generation;66
8.5;Combined cycle power plants;66
8.6;Micro turbines;68
8.7;Environmental impact of gas turbines;68
8.7.1;Nitrogen oxides;69
8.7.2;Carbon dioxide;69
8.7.3;Carbon monoxide and particulates;70
8.8;Financial risks associated with gas-turbine-based power projects;70
8.8.1;Technological risk;70
8.8.2;Fuel risk;71
8.9;The cost of gas turbine power stations;72
8.10;End notes;74
9;5 Combined heat and power;75
9.1;History;76
9.2;Applications;77
9.3;CHP technology;78
9.3.1;Piston engines;79
9.3.2;Steam turbines;80
9.3.3;Gas turbines;81
9.3.4;Micro turbines;82
9.3.5;Fuel cells;83
9.3.6;Nuclear power;83
9.4;Environmental considerations;84
9.4.1;Noise;84
9.4.2;Heat;85
9.5;Energy efficiency;85
9.6;Financial risks;86
9.7;Cost of CHP;86
9.8;End notes;87
10;6 Piston-engine-based power plants;88
10.1;Piston engine technology;89
10.1.1;Engine size and speed;91
10.1.2;Spark-ignition engines;91
10.1.3;Compression engines;92
10.1.4;Dual fuel engines;93
10.1.5;Stirling engines;93
10.2;Co-generation;94
10.3;Combined cycle;95
10.4;Environmental considerations;96
10.4.1;Emission control;97
10.4.2;Carbon dioxide;98
10.5;Financial risks;98
10.6;Costs;99
10.7;End notes;100
11;7 Fuel cells;102
11.1;The fuel cell principle;103
11.2;Fuel cell chemistry;103
11.2.1;Catalysts;105
11.2.2;Hydrocarbon gas reformation;106
11.3;Types of fuel cell;106
11.4;Phosphoric acid fuel cell;107
11.5;Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell;109
11.6;Molten carbonate fuel cells;110
11.7;Solid oxide fuel cells;112
11.8;Environmental considerations;114
11.9;Financial risks;115
11.10;Fuel cell costs;115
11.11;End notes;116
12;8 Hydropower;117
12.1;The hydropower resource;118
12.2;Hydro sites;119
12.3;Dams and barrages;120
12.3.1;Run-of-river project;120
12.3.2;Reservoir projects;121
12.4;Turbines;122
12.4.1;Impulse turbines;123
12.4.2;Reaction turbines;123
12.4.3;Francis turbine;124
12.4.4;Propeller and Kaplan turbines;125
12.4.5;Generators;126
12.5;Small hydropower;126
12.6;The environment;127
12.6.1;Inundation;128
12.6.2;Sedimentation;128
12.6.3;Inter-regional effects;129
12.6.4;Greenhouse gases;129
12.6.5;Human rights;129
12.7;Financial risks;130
12.7.1;Geological risk;130
12.7.2;Hydrological risk;131
12.8;The cost of hydropower;132
12.9;End notes;133
13;9 Tidal power;135
13.1;Tidal motion;135
13.2;The tidal resource;136
13.3;Tidal technology;137
13.3.1;Tidal barrages;138
13.3.2;Two-basin projects;139
13.3.3;Bunded reservoir;140
13.3.4;Turbines;140
13.3.4.1;Speed regulation;141
13.3.5;Sluices and shiplocks;142
13.3.6;Modes of operation;142
13.4;Environmental considerations;142
13.5;Financial risks;143
13.6;The cost of tidal power;144
13.7;End note;146
14;10 Storage technologies;147
14.1;Types of energy storage;148
14.2;Pumped storage hydropower;149
14.2.1;Plant design;150
14.2.2;Turbines;150
14.2.3;Global exploitation;151
14.2.4;Financial risks;152
14.2.5;Costs;152
14.3;Compressed air energy storage;152
14.3.1;Storage caverns;153
14.3.2;Turbine technology;154
14.3.3;Global exploitation;155
14.3.4;Financial risk;155
14.3.5;Costs;155
14.4;Large-scale batteries;156
14.4.1;Lead acid batteries;157
14.4.2;Nickel–cadmium batteries;157
14.4.3;Sodium–sulphur batteries;157
14.4.4;Flow batteries;157
14.4.5;Financial risks;158
14.4.6;Costs;158
14.5;Superconducting magnetic energy storage;159
14.5.1;Financial risks;160
14.5.2;Costs;160
14.6;Flywheels;160
14.6.1;Financial risks;161
14.6.2;Costs;161
14.7;Capacitors;161
14.8;Hydrogen;162
14.9;Environmental considerations;162
14.9.1;Renewable energy;163
14.10;Costs;164
14.11;End notes;165
15;11 Wind power;166
15.1;Wind sites;168
15.1.1;Locating a site;169
15.1.2;Turbulence;169
15.2;Wind turbines;169
15.2.1;Turbine size;170
15.2.2;Horizontal or vertical?;171
15.2.3;Rotor design;173
15.2.4;Tower design;174
15.2.5;Drive train and generator;174
15.2.6;Wind farms and grid connection;175
15.3;Offshore wind technology;176
15.4;Constraints on wind capacity;177
15.5;Environmental considerations;177
15.5.1;Offshore wind;179
15.6;Financial risks;179
15.7;The cost of wind power;180
15.8;End notes;181
16;12 Geothermal power;183
16.1;The geothermal resource;184
16.1.1;Geothermal fields;185
16.1.2;Brine–methane reservoirs;186
16.1.3;Hot dry rock;187
16.1.4;Exploiting the magma;187
16.1.5;Location of geothermal resources;187
16.2;Geothermal energy conversion technology;188
16.2.1;Direct-steam power plant;189
16.2.2;Flash-steam plants;190
16.2.3;Binary power plants;191
16.3;Environmental considerations;192
16.4;Financial risks;193
16.5;The cost of geothermal power;194
16.6;End notes;195
17;13 Solar power;197
17.1;The solar energy resource;197
17.2;Sites for solar power generation;198
17.3;Solar technology;199
17.4;Solar thermal power generation;199
17.4.1;Parabolic troughs;200
17.4.2;Solar towers;203
17.4.3;Solar dish collectors;204
17.5;Photovoltaic devices;205
17.5.1;Solar photovoltaic technology;206
17.5.2;Types of solar cell;207
17.5.3;Solar cell manufacture;208
17.5.4;Solar panels and inverters;208
17.6;Solar cell deployment;209
17.6.1;Utility photovoltaic arrays;209
17.6.2;Solar concentrators;209
17.6.3;Residential photovoltaic arrays;210
17.7;Environmental considerations;211
17.8;Financial risks;212
17.9;The cost of solar power;213
17.9.1;Solar thermal costs;213
17.9.2;Solar photovoltaic costs;214
17.10;End notes;215
18;14 Ocean power;217
18.1;Ocean energy resource;217
18.2;Ocean thermal energy conversion;219
18.2.1;Open and closed cycle ocean thermal energy conversion;220
18.2.2;Technical challenges;221
18.2.3;Hybrid applications;222
18.2.4;Browsing ocean thermal energy conversion;222
18.2.5;The environmental impact of ocean thermal energy conversion;222
18.2.6;The cost of ocean thermal energy conversion;223
18.3;Wave energy;223
18.3.1;Shore and near-shore wave converters;224
18.3.1.1;1. Oscillating water columns;224
18.3.1.2;2. Tapered channels;225
18.3.1.3;3. Oscillating flaps;225
18.3.2;Offshore devices;226
18.3.2.1;1. Float pumps;226
18.3.2.2;2. Ducks, wave pumps and other water snakes;226
18.3.2.3;3. Piezoelectric devices;227
18.3.3;The environmental implications of wave energy converters;227
18.3.4;The cost of wave energy conversion;227
18.4;Ocean current generation;228
18.4.1;Horizontal axis turbines;228
18.4.2;Vertical axis turbines;229
18.4.3;Other tidal stream energy extractors;229
18.4.4;Ocean current environmental considerations;230
18.4.5;Cost of ocean current technology;230
18.5;End notes;230
19;15 Biomass-based power generation;232
19.1;Types of biomass;233
19.1.1;Biomass wastes;234
19.1.2;Energy crops;235
19.2;Biomass energy conversion technology;237
19.2.1;Direct firing;237
19.2.2;Co-firing;239
19.2.3;Biomass gasification;240
19.2.4;Biomass digesters;241
19.2.5;Liquid fuels;241
19.3;Environmental considerations;242
19.3.1;Life-cycle assessment;243
19.3.2;Energy crops;243
19.3.3;Waste fuels;244
19.4;Financial risks;244
19.4.1;Agricultural risk;245
19.5;The cost of biomass generated power;245
19.5.1;Technology costs;245
19.5.2;Fuel costs;246
19.5.3;Electricity costs;246
19.6;End notes;247
20;16 Power from waste;248
20.1;Landfill waste disposal;248
20.2;Waste sources;249
20.3;Waste composition;250
20.4;Waste collection;251
20.5;Waste power generation technologies;252
20.5.1;Traditional combustion plants;253
20.5.2;Gasification and pyrolysis;254
20.5.3;Refuse-derived fuel;256
20.6;Environmental considerations;256
20.6.1;Waste plant emissions;257
20.6.2;Ash;257
20.6.3;Fly ash and flue gas treatment residues;258
20.6.4;Flue gas;258
20.6.5;Dioxins;258
20.6.6;Heavy metals;259
20.7;Financial risks;259
20.8;The cost of energy from waste;260
20.9;End notes;260
21;17 Nuclear power;262
21.1;Global nuclear capacity;263
21.2;The future;264
21.3;Fundamentals of nuclear power;264
21.3.1;Nuclear fission;265
21.3.2;Controlled nuclear reaction;266
21.3.3;Fusion;267
21.4;Nuclear reactors;267
21.4.1;Boiling water reactor;268
21.4.2;Pressurised water reactor;269
21.4.3;Canadian deuterium uranium reactor;270
21.4.4;Advanced gas-cooled reactor;271
21.4.5;High-temperature gas-cooled reactor;271
21.4.6;Breeder (fast) reactors;272
21.4.7;Advanced reactor designs;273
21.5;Nuclear fusion;273
21.6;Environmental considerations;273
21.6.1;Radioactive waste;275
21.6.2;Waste categories;276
21.6.3;Decommissioning;276
21.7;Financial risks associated with investing in nuclear power;277
21.8;The cost of nuclear power;278
21.9;End notes;279
22;Index;280
