Behnassi / Draggan / Yaya Global Food Insecurity

Rethinking Agricultural and Rural Development Paradigm and Policy
1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-94-007-0890-7
Verlag: Springer Netherland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 408 Seiten, eBook

Human-kind and ecological systems are currently facing one of the toughest challenges: how to feed more billions of people in the future within the perspective of climate change, energy shortages, economic crises and growing competition for the use of renewable and non renewable resources. This challenge is even more crucial given that we have not yet come close to achieving the Millennium Development Goal of halving the number of people living in extreme poverty and hunger.Scientists and relevant stakeholders are now voicing a clear message: that multiple challenges the world is facing require innovative, multifaceted, science-based, technological, economic and political approaches in theoretical thinking, decision making and action. With this background central to survival and well-being, the purpose of this volume is to formulate and promote relevant theoretical analysis and policy recommendations. The major perspective of this publication is that paradigm and policy shifts at all levels are needed urgently. This is based on the evidence that agriculture in the 21st century will be undergoing significant demands, arising largely from the need to increase the global food enterprise, while adjusting and contributing to climate change adaptation and mitigation. Global Food Insecurity aims at providing structure to effect achievement of this critically needed roadmap.

Zielgruppe

Graduate

Autoren/Hrsg.

Behnassi, Mohamed

Draggan, Sidney

Yaya, Sanni

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;8
2;Acknowledgements;10
3;Contents;12
4;List of Figures;16
5;List of Tables;18
6;List of Abbreviations and Acronyms;22
7;Part I Agriculture and Rural Development at the Heart of Sustainability and Food Security;26
7.1;Chapter 1: A New Conceptual Framework for Assessing Rural Development Performance: Sustainability of Scale, Scope and Integration;27
7.1.1;1 Introduction;28
7.1.2;2 A New Conceptual Framework;28
7.1.3;3 Scale, Scope, Integration: Tripartition of Strategies;29
7.1.3.1;3.1 Scale and Scope;29
7.1.3.2;3.2 Integration;29
7.1.4;4 Economy, Ecology, Sociology: Tripartition of Criteria;29
7.1.4.1;4.1 Economy;29
7.1.4.2;4.2 Ecology;30
7.1.4.3;4.3 Sociology;30
7.1.5;5 How It Works;30
7.1.5.1;5.1 Theoretical;30
7.1.5.2;5.2 Practical;32
7.1.6;6 Concluding Remarks;32
7.1.7;References;32
7.2;Chapter 2: A Knowledge Approach to Sustainable Agriculture;34
7.2.1;1 Introduction;34
7.2.2;2 Knowledge Approach;36
7.2.3;3 Exploratory Study;38
7.2.4;4 Results;39
7.2.5;5 Conclusions;41
7.2.6;References;42
7.3;Chapter 3: Sustainable Agriculture Ensures Sustainable Rural Development: A Reality or a Myth;44
7.3.1;1 Introduction;45
7.3.2;2 Overview of Pakistan’s Agricultural Sector;45
7.3.3;3 Constraints Associated with Pakistan Agriculture;46
7.3.3.1;Box 3.1 Constraints and Threats Associated with the Agricultural Sector and Rural Development in Pakistan;47
7.3.3.2;3.1 Water Shortage;48
7.3.3.3;3.2 Smaller Land Holdings and Neglect of Small Farmers;48
7.3.3.4;3.3 Gaps in Productivity;49
7.3.3.5;3.4 Women Farmers Working in Agriculture and Their Status;49
7.3.4;4 Pakistani Rural Development;50
7.3.4.1;4.1 Women and Their Role in Rural Development;51
7.3.4.2;4.2 Poor Infrastructure and Lower Quality of Social Services;51
7.3.5;5 Suggested Strategies to Achieve Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development;52
7.3.6;6 Conclusions and Recommendations;54
7.3.7;References;54
7.4;Chapter 4: Policies for Sustainable Agricultural Production and Consumption;56
7.4.1;1 Introduction;56
7.4.2;2 Resource Use;59
7.4.3;3 Impacts on the Earth;61
7.4.4;4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHGS);62
7.4.5;5 Pollution of the Environment;63
7.4.6;6 Ethics, Religion and Science;64
7.4.7;7 Animal Welfare;66
7.4.8;8 Compassion, Health and a Better Environment – a Positive Way Forward for Farming;69
7.4.9;9 Conclusions;70
7.4.10;References;72
7.5;Chapter 5: Cultivating Faith: The Relationship Between Islam and Sustainable Agriculture in Rural Communities of American Muslims;75
7.5.1;References;83
7.6;Chapter 6: Agricultural Development for Food Security and Sustainability in Nigeria;85
7.6.1;1 The Nigeria’s Agricultural Sector;86
7.6.2;2 The Nigerian Rural Economy, Poverty and Environmental Degradation;87
7.6.2.1;2.1 Food Security;88
7.6.2.2;2.2 Technology and Technological Change;89
7.6.2.3;2.3 Sustainable Agricultural Development;89
7.6.3;3 Conclusion;92
7.6.4;References;93
7.7;Chapter 7: African Agriculture at Crossroads: Balancing the Needs of Increased Productivity and the Challenges of Sustainability. The Case of Fadama Agriculture in Semi-Arid North-Central Nigeria;94
7.7.1;1 Introduction;95
7.7.2;2 Typology and Importance of Fadama Areas and Agriculture;96
7.7.2.1;2.1 Fadama Agriculture in Karshi and Baddeggi;97
7.7.2.2;2.2 Indigenous Resource Management in Fadama Areas of Karshi and Baddeggi;98
7.7.3;3 Mechanization and Agrochemicals Use in Fadama Areas of Karshi and Baddeggi;100
7.7.3.1;3.1 Developing a Conceptual Basis for Agricultural Hybridization;102
7.7.4;4 Conclusion: Balancing Productivity and Sustainability;106
7.7.5;References;106
8;Part II Governance for Food Security: Key Challenges and Relevant Debates;111
8.1;Chapter 8: Food Crisis Mitigation: The Need for an Enhanced Global Food Governance;112
8.1.1;1 Introduction;113
8.1.2;2 Research Background and Scope;113
8.1.3;3 Factors Behind Food Crisis;117
8.1.3.1;3.1 Climate Change: Critical Implications for Food Security;117
8.1.3.2;3.2 Energy Shortages and Prices;119
8.1.3.3;3.3 Inadequacy of Agricultural and Food Practices and Policies;121
8.1.3.3.1;3.3.1 Global Food and Agriculture System and Food Crisis;121
8.1.3.3.2;3.3.2 Loss of Crop Varieties and Genetic Contamination;122
8.1.3.3.3;3.3.3 Fish Stocks and Marine Biodiversity Decline;123
8.1.3.3.4;3.3.4 Farmer Shortages;124
8.1.3.4;3.4 National and International Policies on Trade, Economics and Agriculture;125
8.1.3.5;3.5 Food for Aid Programs;126
8.1.3.6;3.6 Population Growth and the Shift in Global Food Production and Consumption;130
8.1.4;4 Global Food Governance Regime: Actors, Powers and Dynamics;134
8.1.4.1;4.1 Conflicting Actors and Interests;134
8.1.4.1.1;4.1.1 Role and Power of Powerful States;135
8.1.4.1.2;4.1.2 Role and Powerful Corporate Influence;136
8.1.4.2;4.2 Potential of Global Food Regime to Enhance Food Security;139
8.1.5;5 Concluding Remarks;142
8.1.6;References;143
8.2;Chapter 9: 18,000 Children Die of Starvation Everyday: Cannot We Save Them?;145
8.2.1;1 Introduction;145
8.2.2;2 Methodology;146
8.2.3;3 Hungry People;147
8.2.4;4 Why People Are Hungry?;148
8.2.5;5 Cannot We Save the Hungry People?;149
8.2.6;6 How Can We Save Them?;149
8.2.6.1;6.1 Short-Term Plan;150
8.2.6.2;6.2 Long-Term Plan;150
8.2.6.2.1;6.2.1 Increase Agricultural Production;151
8.2.6.2.2;6.2.2 Come Out of Protectionism;151
8.2.6.2.3;6.2.3 Stop Food Wastage;152
8.2.6.2.4;6.2.4 Obesity Control;153
8.2.6.2.5;6.2.5 Food Safety;154
8.2.6.2.6;6.2.6 Well-Planned Market System;154
8.2.6.2.7;6.2.7 No Bio-fuel;155
8.2.6.2.8;6.2.8 Economy Lifestyle;155
8.2.6.2.9;6.2.9 No War;156
8.2.6.2.10;6.2.10 No Ethnic Violence;157
8.2.6.2.11;6.2.11 Population Control/Management;157
8.2.6.2.12;6.2.12 Corruption Control;157
8.2.6.2.13;6.2.13 No Military Administration;158
8.2.6.2.14;6.2.14 Fight Diseases;159
8.2.6.2.15;6.2.15 Proper Education and Training;159
8.2.6.2.16;6.2.16 Right to Migration;159
8.2.6.2.17;6.2.17 Industrialisation and Job Creation;160
8.2.6.2.18;6.2.18 Reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions;160
8.2.6.2.19;6.2.19 Root Out Terrorism;161
8.2.7;7 Finance;161
8.2.8;8 Conclusion;163
8.2.9;References;164
8.3;Chapter 10: The Self-Reliant Country: Sustainable Agricultural Policy for Australia?;166
8.3.1;1 Introduction;166
8.3.1.1;1.1 Historical Background;167
8.3.2;2 Sustainable Agriculture and Food Production;168
8.3.3;3 Analysis: Creating Our Future. Agriculture and Food Policy for the Next Generation;170
8.3.3.1;3.1 Markets Section;170
8.3.3.2;3.2 Natural Resources Section;171
8.3.4;4 Limitations of the Current Agriculturaland Food Policy Framework;172
8.3.5;5 Conclusion;173
8.3.6;References;174
8.4;Chapter 11: LCA Potentials and Limits Within a Sustainable Agri-food Statutory Framework;177
8.4.1;1 Introduction;177
8.4.2;2 LCA as a Tool for the Development of a Sustainable Agri-food Statutory Framework;178
8.4.2.1;2.1 “Life-Cycle Thinking” Within LCA;178
8.4.2.2;2.2 The LCA Methodology;179
8.4.3;3 LCA Possibilities Leading to the Generation of a More Sustainable Agri-food Statutory Framework;180
8.4.3.1;3.1 Current Applications of LCA in Agricultural Production;180
8.4.3.2;3.2 Current Applications of LCA in Food Processing;181
8.4.4;4 Challenges Facing LCA for a More Sustainable Agri-food Statutory Framework;182
8.4.4.1;4.1 Challenges Facing the Specific Nature of the Agri-food Sector;182
8.4.4.2;4.2 Challenges Facing an Agri-food Statutory Framework;183
8.4.5;5 Conclusion;184
8.4.6;References;185
8.5;Chapter 12: Risk Communication at the Hungarian Guar-Gum Scandal;188
8.5.1;1 Introduction;189
8.5.1.1;1.1 What Is Guar Gum?;189
8.5.1.2;1.2 The Process of the Contamination;190
8.5.2;2 Objective;190
8.5.3;3 Materials and Methods;191
8.5.4;4 Results and Discussion;191
8.5.5;5 Conclusion;197
8.5.6;References;197
8.6;Chapter 13: The Environmental Challenges and Its Security Implications for South Asia;199
8.6.1;1 Introduction;199
8.6.2;2 Environment and Security: A Conceptual Understanding;201
8.6.3;3 Global Warming: A Major Environmental Threat for South Asia;202
8.6.4;4 Social Effects of Environmental Degradation;203
8.6.4.1;4.1 Population Growth;203
8.6.4.2;4.2 Agricultural Land and Agricultural Production;205
8.6.4.3;4.3 Population Displacement or Migration;206
8.6.4.4;4.4 Disrupted Institutions and Social Relations;207
8.6.5;5 Need for a Regional Approach on Environmental Crisis;207
8.6.5.1;5.1 Deep Cuts in Carbon Emissions;208
8.6.5.2;5.2 Population Control;208
8.6.5.3;5.3 Strengthening Institutions and Legislation;209
8.6.5.4;5.4 Accounting and Cooperative Management of Natural Resources;209
8.6.5.5;5.5 Training and Orientation Programs in Environmental Management;210
8.6.5.6;5.6 Promoting Environmental Awareness;210
8.6.5.7;5.7 Promoting Appropriate Environmental Technologies;210
8.6.6;6 Conclusion;211
8.6.7;References;211
9;Part III Climate Change and Energy as New Major Factors Redefining the World Food Equation;213
9.1;Chapter 14: Climate Change, Seasonality and Hunger: The South Asian Experience;214
9.1.1;1 Backdrop;214
9.1.2;2 Seasonality and Hunger;215
9.1.3;3 The Controlling of Climate in South Asia;217
9.1.4;4 The Heightened Impacts of Climate Change;220
9.1.5;5 Climate Proofing the Farmer to Ensure Food Security;223
9.1.6;6 Summing Up;224
9.1.7;References;227
9.2;Chapter 15: Effects of Climate Change on Food and Human Security in Nigeria;229
9.2.1;1 Introduction;229
9.2.2;2 Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks on Climate Change and Human Security;230
9.2.2.1;2.1 What Is Climates and Climate Change?;230
9.2.2.2;2.2 Meaning and Dimensions of Food Security;231
9.2.2.3;2.3 The Concepts and Meaning of Human Security;231
9.2.2.4;2.4 Relationship Between Climate Change, Food Security and Human Security;232
9.2.2.5;2.5 Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies Against Climate Change;233
9.2.3;3 Methodology;234
9.2.3.1;3.1 Study Area: Nature of Climate Change in Nigeria;234
9.2.3.2;3.2 Types and Methods of Data Collection;234
9.2.4;4 Results and Discussion of Findings;234
9.2.4.1;4.1 Factors Influencing Climate Change in Nigeria;235
9.2.4.2;4.2 Effects of Climate Change;235
9.2.4.2.1;4.2.1 Economic Effects of Climate Change;235
9.2.4.2.2;4.2.2 Social Effects of Climate Change;236
9.2.4.2.3;4.2.3 Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture and Food Security;236
9.2.4.2.4;4.2.4 Human Consequences of Climate Change;237
9.2.4.2.5;4.2.5 Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies to Reduce Climate Change Effects in Nigeria;238
9.2.4.3;4.3 Government Responses to Climate Change and Constraining Factors;239
9.2.5;5 Conclusion and Recommendations;240
9.2.6;References;241
9.3;Chapter 16: Quantitative Assessment of Climate Change by Weather Generation Models and Downscaling GCM Data in Tehran, Iran;244
9.3.1;1 Introduction;245
9.3.2;2 Study Area;246
9.3.3;3 Methodology;247
9.3.3.1;3.1 Model Calibration;248
9.3.4;4 Modeling Results;249
9.3.4.1;4.1 Precipitation;249
9.3.4.2;4.2 Major and Extreme Rainfall;249
9.3.4.3;4.3 Temperature;250
9.3.4.4;4.4 Number of Hot and Icy Days;251
9.3.5;5 Conclusions;253
9.3.6;References;254
9.4;Chapter 17: The Role of Biofuels in the Sustainability of the Environment;256
9.4.1;1 Introduction;257
9.4.2;2 Features of Energy Consumption;257
9.4.3;3 The Environmental Protection Problem of the Increasing Energy Consumption;260
9.4.4;4 The International Situation of Utilization of Biofuels;262
9.4.5;5 Connection Between Food Supply, Biofuel Production and Environmental Protection;265
9.4.6;6 Doubts of Biofuel Utilization;266
9.4.7;7 Conclusions;266
9.4.8;References;267
9.5;Chapter 18: Energy Efficiency, Methane Output, Required Carbon Sequestration Area and Water Productivity in Extensive and Semi-intensive Beef Production in South America – A Comparison of Ecological Currencies;268
9.5.1;1 Introduction;269
9.5.2;2 General Approach and Methods;270
9.5.2.1;2.1 Energy Efficiency and Methane Emissions;270
9.5.2.2;2.2 Shadow Area;271
9.5.2.3;2.3 Water Footprint;272
9.5.3;3 Results and Discussion;273
9.5.3.1;3.1 Energetic Efficiency and Methane Production;273
9.5.3.2;3.2 Shadow Area;275
9.5.3.3;3.3 Water Footprint;275
9.5.4;4 Conclusions and Implications;276
9.5.5;References;277
9.6;Chapter 19: Biogas Energy From Agricultural By-Products: Energy Yields and Effects on Organic Farming Systems Compared with Energy Maize Cropping;279
9.6.1;1 Introduction and Goals;280
9.6.2;2 Material and Methods;280
9.6.2.1;2.1 Field Trial: Setting, Location, Climate;280
9.6.2.2;2.2 Digestion;281
9.6.2.3;2.3 Crop Rotations;281
9.6.2.3.1;2.3.1 Stockless Organic Farming;281
9.6.2.3.2;2.3.2 Organic Dairy Farming;281
9.6.2.4;2.4 Calculation of Attainable Energy Yields;282
9.6.3;3 Results;282
9.6.3.1;3.1 Substrates for Anaerobic Digestion;282
9.6.3.1.1;3.1.1 Stockless Organic Farming;282
9.6.3.1.2;3.1.2 Organic Dairy Farming;283
9.6.3.2;3.2 Energy Content of Substrates;284
9.6.3.3;3.3 Energy Yield Potential of the Whole Crop Rotations;284
9.6.4;4 Discussion;284
9.6.4.1;4.1 Trial Results of Energy Yields;284
9.6.4.2;4.2 Effects of Biogas Digestion on Farming Systems;285
9.6.4.2.1;4.2.1 Recovery of Nitrogen Derived from the Atmosphere by Symbiotic N2 Fixation;285
9.6.4.2.2;4.2.2 Decreasing of Nitrate Leaching Risk;285
9.6.4.2.3;4.2.3 Reduction of Trace Gas Emissions;285
9.6.4.2.4;4.2.4 Diversification of Crop Rotations by Cover Crops;286
9.6.4.2.5;4.2.5 Use of By-Products;286
9.6.4.2.6;4.2.6 Use of Problematic Biomass;286
9.6.4.3;4.3 Outlook: Factors Influencing the Future Development;287
9.6.4.3.1;4.3.1 Economic Points of View;287
9.6.4.3.2;4.3.2 Obstacles for Implementation;287
9.6.5;5 Conclusion;288
9.6.6;References;288
10;Part IV Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security: Relevant Experiences;290
10.1;Chapter 20: Sustainable Agriculture and Food Crisis in Sub-Sahara Africa;291
10.1.1;1 Introduction;291
10.1.2;2 Challenges of Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa;294
10.1.3;3 Trend in Food Consumption in Sub-Sahara Africa;296
10.1.3.1;3.1 Climatic Change;298
10.1.3.2;3.2 Weather Patterns and Drought Occurrence in Africa;299
10.1.3.3;3.3 Government Responses;299
10.1.3.4;3.4 Mitigation Potential of the Region;300
10.1.3.5;3.5 Sub-Saharan Africa’s Market Share and Potential;301
10.1.3.6;3.6 Greenpeace Suggestions on Mitigation;302
10.1.4;4 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations;302
10.1.5;References;304
10.2;Chapter 21: Soaring Food Prices and Africa’s Vulnerability and Responses;306
10.2.1;1 Introduction;306
10.2.2;2 Trends in Global Food Prices;308
10.2.2.1;2.1 Historical Perspective;308
10.2.2.2;2.2 Recent Trends in Food Prices;309
10.2.2.3;2.3 Drivers of Short-Term Trends;313
10.2.3;3 Cereal Vulnerability of African Countries;314
10.2.3.1;3.1 Africa’s Cereal Situation;314
10.2.3.2;3.2 Construction of a Vulnerability Index;315
10.2.3.3;3.3 Results of the Vulnerability Assessment;317
10.2.4;4 Implications of the Food Price Trends;319
10.2.4.1;4.1 Social Implications;319
10.2.4.2;4.2 Implications for Regional Trade and Foreign Investments;321
10.2.4.3;4.3 Implications for Policies;322
10.2.5;Box 21.1 Malawi’s Approach to Food Shortages;323
10.2.6;5 The African Development Bank’s Response;324
10.2.6.1;5.1 Short-Term Responses;324
10.2.6.2;5.2 Medium-to-Long Term Responses;325
10.2.7;6 Conclusion;326
10.2.8;Annex A. Food Consumption Shares (% of Total Expenditure);327
10.2.9;Annex B. Cereal Balance (Values in Million) (2007/2008);329
10.2.10;Annex C. Indicators of Vulnerability and Country Ranking;332
10.2.11;Annex D. Policy Measures Taken by Governments;335
10.2.12;References;337
10.3;Chapter 22: Significance of Vegetable Farming as a Strategy to Enhance Household Food Security in Communal Areas of Zimbabwe;338
10.3.1;1 Introduction;338
10.3.2;2 Location and Description of Study Area;339
10.3.3;3 Data Collection and Analysis;340
10.3.4;4 Results and Discussion;341
10.3.4.1;4.1 Motivating Factors;341
10.3.4.2;4.2 Farm Size and Location;342
10.3.4.3;4.3 Vegetables Grown and Output Levels;343
10.3.4.4;4.4 Strategies Used to Enhance Vegetable Productivity;343
10.3.4.5;4.5 Contribution of Vegetable Outputs to Dietary Diversity;344
10.3.4.6;4.6 Contribution of Vegetable Sales to Household Income;346
10.3.4.7;4.7 Use of Income from Vegetables by Households;347
10.3.4.8;4.8 Challenges Encountered by Households in Vegetable Farming and Marketing;348
10.3.5;5 Conclusion;348
10.3.6;6 Policy Considerations or Recommendations;348
10.3.7;References;349
10.4;Chapter 23: Changes in Agricultural Landscape: Some Ecological Implications for Sustainable Agriculture in Indian Punjab;350
10.4.1;1 Introduction;351
10.4.2;2 Objectives;351
10.4.3;3 Methodology;352
10.4.4;4 Results and Discussion;352
10.4.4.1;4.1 Trends Towards Specialized Farming;352
10.4.4.2;4.2 Indices of Crop Specialization/Diversification;354
10.4.4.3;4.3 Manifestation of Several Adverse Effects;354
10.4.4.3.1;4.3.1 Depletion of Ground Water Resources;354
10.4.4.3.2;4.3.2 Deteriorating Soil Fertility;355
10.4.4.3.3;4.3.3 High Use of Insecticides and Pesticides;355
10.4.4.3.4;4.3.4 Poisoning Food Commodities;357
10.4.4.3.5;4.3.5 Environmental Pollution;357
10.4.4.4;4.4 Resource Conserving Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture;357
10.4.4.5;4.5 Potential and Constraints for Increased Adoption of RCTS;360
10.4.4.6;4.6 Policy Options for Rapid Adoption of ResourceConservation Technologies;361
10.4.5;References;362
10.5;Chapter 24: Emerging Issues for the Formulation of Policy on Agri-Input Delivery System in Nigeria;363
10.5.1;1 Introduction;364
10.5.2;2 Primer of Agri-Input Policies;364
10.5.3;3 Background to Policy Interventions in Agri-Input Market;365
10.5.3.1;3.1 Policy Intervention Modes;365
10.5.3.1.1;3.1.1 Seed;365
10.5.3.1.2;3.1.2 Fertilizer;368
10.5.3.1.3;3.1.3 CPP;369
10.5.3.2;3.2 Lessons of Implementation Experience;369
10.5.4;4 Policy Formulation for Agri-Input Delivery;370
10.5.4.1;4.1 Process Approach;371
10.5.4.2;4.2 Articulation of Policy on Agri-Inputs Delivery;371
10.5.4.3;4.3 Formulation of Implementation Strategy for Agri-Inputs Delivery;372
10.5.5;5 Emerging Policy Issues and Optimal Resolution of Issues;372
10.5.5.1;5.1 Political Economy and Governance Issues;373
10.5.5.2;5.2 Structural and Systemic Issues;373
10.5.6;6 Concluding Remarks;374
10.5.7;References;375
11;Postface;376
12;Notes on Contributors;378
13;Author Index;394
14;Subject Index;403