Ashworth / Belcher / Anderson Analytical Methods for Organic Cyano Groups

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-7861-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 152 Seiten, Web PDF

Monographs in Organic Functional Group Analysis, Volume 6: Analytical Methods for Organic Cyano Groups describes both qualitative and quantitative analytical methods for analysis of various organic cyano groups. This book is organized into two parts encompassing 12 chapters. Part A presents some chemical methods, which are classified according to the reaction undergone by the compound being detected, identified or determined. This part specifically covers reactions of addition to the cyano group; of other groups activated and unaffected by the cyano group; degradation reactions; and other chemical reactions. Part B highlights pure physical methods, including polarographic procedures, spectroscopic, spectrophotometric, chromatographic, and ion exchange methods, as well as azeotropic distillation. This book will be of value to organic and analytical chemists, as well as to and organic and analytical chemistry teachers, students, and researchers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ashworth, M. R. F.

Belcher, R.

Anderson, D. M. W.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Analytical Methods for Organic Cyano Groups;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;PREFACE;10
6;CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION;12
6.1;References;15
7;PART A: CHEMICAL METHODS;18
7.1;GENERAL INTRODUCTION;20
7.2;CHAPTER 2. REACTIONS OF (ADDITION TO) THE CYANO GROUP;22
7.2.1;Introduction;22
7.2.2;1. Reduction: —CN—CH2—NH2;22
7.2.3;2. Hydrolysis;26
7.2.4;3. Addition of Hydrogen Sulphide;35
7.2.5;4. Addition of Alcohols;36
7.2.6;5. Addition of Ammonia;37
7.2.7;6. Addition of Hydroxylamine;37
7.2.8;7. Addition of Hydrazine;41
7.2.9;8. Addition of Mercaptans;41
7.2.10;9. Addition of Polyphenols;42
7.2.11;10. Addition of Grignard Reagent;42
7.2.12;11. Preparation of N-(2-Chloroalkyl) amides;44
7.2.13;12. Formation of Metal Complexes;44
7.2.14;References;45
7.3;CHAPTER 3. REACTIONS OF GROUPS ACTIVATED BY THE CYANO GROUP;48
7.3.1;Introduction;48
7.3.2;1. a,ß-Unsaturated Nitriles;48
7.3.3;2. Compounds Containing the — CH2CN or =CHCN Group;56
7.3.4;3. Compounds Containing the — NH — or NH2 Group Attached to —CN;63
7.3.5;References;73
7.4;CHAPTER 4. REACTIONS OF GROUPS SENSIBLY UNAFFECTED BY THE CYANO GROUP;78
7.4.1;1. Higher Aliphatic Nitriles;78
7.4.2;2.ß,.-Unsaturated Nitriles;78
7.4.3;3. Aromatic Groups in Nitriles;79
7.4.4;4. Halogen Atoms in Trichloroacetonitrile;80
7.4.5;5. Azo Group in Azobisisobutyronitrile;80
7.4.6;6. Hydrazo Group in 2,2'-Hydrazobisisobutyronitrile;81
7.4.7;7. Ester Group in Nitriles;81
7.4.8;8. Amino Groups (not Directly Linked to a Cyano Group);82
7.4.9;9. Amidino or Guanidino Group in Dicyanodiamide;82
7.4.10;10. Cobalt in Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin);86
7.4.11;11. 5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazole in Vitamin B12;87
7.4.12;References;88
7.5;CHAPTER 5. DEGRADATION REACTIONS DURING WHICH THE CYANO GROUP REMAINS INTACT;92
7.5.1;Introduction;92
7.5.2;1. Pyrolysis without Added Reagent;92
7.5.3;2. Pyrolysis in Presence of Oxidising Agents;94
7.5.4;3. Pyrolysis in Presence of a Base;94
7.5.5;4. Reductive Fission of N-cyano Compounds;94
7.5.6;5. Hydrolytic Fission of Cyanohydrins;95
7.5.7;6. Formation of Bromine Cyanide, BrCN;97
7.5.8;7. Elimination of the Cyano Group in the Analytical Methods for Ethyl Dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate (Tabun);98
7.5.9;8. Elimination of the Cyano Group as Hydrocyanic Acid in Determination of Vitamin B12;100
7.5.10;9. Formation of Thiocyanic Acid by Reaction with Sulphur;101
7.5.11;References;101
7.6;CHAPTER 6. DEGRADATION REACTIONS INVOLVING DESTRUCTION OF THE CYANO GROUP;104
7.6.1;References;104
7.7;CHAPTER 7. MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL METHODS;106
7.7.1;References;107
8;PART B: PHYSICAL METHODS;108
8.1;GENERAL INTRODUCTION;110
8.2;CHAPTER 8. SPECTROSCOPIC AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS;112
8.2.1;1. Infrared;112
8.2.2;2. Ultraviolet and Visible;114
8.2.3;3. Mass Spectrometry;116
8.2.4;4. Flame Spectroscopy;117
8.2.5;5. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance;117
8.2.6;References;118
8.3;CHAPTER 9. CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS;120
8.3.1;1. Gas Chromatography ;120
8.3.2;2. Other Chromatographic Methods, Principally PC and TLC;124
8.3.2.1;References;128
8.4;CHAPTER 10. ION EXCHANGE;132
8.4.1;References;134
8.5;CHAPTER 11. POLAROGRAPHY;136
8.5.1;References;140
8.6;CHAPTER 12. AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION;142
8.6.1;References;143
9;AUTHOR INDEX;144
10;SUBJECT INDEX;152