E-Book, Englisch, 424 Seiten
Andriessen / Krysinska / Grad Postvention in Action
2017
ISBN: 978-1-61676-493-7
Verlag: Hogrefe Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
The International Handbook of Suicide Bereavement Support
E-Book, Englisch, 424 Seiten
ISBN: 978-1-61676-493-7
Verlag: Hogrefe Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
A unique and comprehensive handbook presenting the state of the art in suicide bereavement support
Suicide is not merely the act of an individual; it always has an effect
on others and can even increase the risk of suicide in the bereaved.
The International Association for Suicide Prevention, the World
Health Organisation, and others have recognized postvention as an
important strategy for suicide prevention. This unique and
comprehensive handbook, authored by nearly 100 international
experts, including researchers, clinicians, support group facilitators,
and survivors, presents the state-of-the-art in suicide bereavement
support.
The first part examines the key concepts and the processes that
the bereaved experience and illustrates them with illuminating
clinical vignettes. The second and third parts look in detail at suicide
support in all the most relevant settings (including general practices,
the workplace, online and many others) as well as in specific groups
(such as health care workers).
In the concluding section, the support provided for those
bereaved by suicide in no less than 23 countries is explored in detail,
showing that postvention is becoming worldwide strategy for
suicide prevention. These chapters provide useful lessons and
inspiration for extending and improving postvention in new and
existing areas. This unique handbook is thus essential reading for
anyone involved in suicide prevention or postvention research and
practice.
Zielgruppe
Clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, psychotherapists, and
counselors, as well as students.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Postvention in Action;1
1.1;Table of Contents;6
2;Dedication;12
3;Foreword;14
4;Preface;16
5;Part I: Current Knowledge and Implications for Support;20
5.1;Chapter 1: Current Understandings of Suicide Bereavement;22
5.2;Chapter 2: Effects of Suicide Bereavement on Mental and Physical Health;36
5.3;Chapter 3: Suicide Bereavementand Postvention Among Adolescents;46
5.4;Chapter 4: Suicide Bereavement and Gender;58
5.5;Chapter 5: Posttraumatic Growth After Suicide;69
5.6;Chapter 6: Feeling Responsible: Pathways From Guilt Toward Inner Peace;79
5.7;Chapter 7: Suicide Loss and the Quest for Meaning;90
5.8;Chapter 8: The Growing Flower Model of Reintegration After Suicide;104
6;Part II: Suicide Bereavement Support in Different Settings;118
6.1;Chapter 9: History of Survivor Support;120
6.2;Chapter 10: Characteristics and Effectiveness of Suicide Survivor Support Groups;136
6.3;Chapter 11: Priorities for Suicide Survivor Support Groups in Japan and the United States;150
6.4;Chapter 12: Peer Counseling in Suicide Bereavement: Characteristics and Pitfalls;158
6.5;Chapter 13: After Suicide – Roles of the General Practitioner;169
6.6;Chapter 14: Supporting Families Through the Forensic and Coronial Process After a Death From Suicide;181
6.7;Chapter 15: Workplaces and the Aftermath of Suicide;193
6.8;Chapter 16: The Roles of Religion and Spirituality in Suicide Bereavement and Postvention;205
6.9;Chapter 17: Online Suicide Bereavement and Support;216
6.10;Chapter 18: A Vibrant Living Process: Art Making and the Storying of Suicide;231
7;Part III: Suicide Bereavement Support in Different Populations;242
7.1;Chapter 19: Emerging Survivor Populations: Support After Clustered Suicides and Murder–Suicide Events;244
7.2;Chapter 20: Lack of Trust in the Health Care System by Suicide-Bereaved Parents;256
7.3;Chapter 21: Impact of Client Suicide on Health and Mental Health Professionals;264
7.4;Chapter 22: Promoting a Way of Life to Prevent Premature Death: Ojibway First Nation (Anishinaabe) Healing Practices;274
8;Part IV: Help for the Bereaved by Suicide in Different Countries;286
8.1;Part IV.1: The Americas;288
8.1.1;Chapter 23: Brazil – The Development of Suicide Postvention;290
8.1.2;Chapter 24: Canada – Hope After Loss: Suicide Bereavement and Postvention Services of Suicide Action Montréal;296
8.1.3;Chapter 25: Uruguay – Working With Suicide Survivors;300
8.1.4;Chapter 26: USA – Suicide Bereavement Support and Postvention;304
8.1.5;Chapter 27: USA – National Postvention Guidelines;309
8.1.6;Chapter 28: USA – The American Foundation for Suicide Prevention’s Support of People Bereaved by Suicide;315
8.1.7;Chapter 29: USA – Collaboration of Volunteers and Professionals in Suicide Bereavement Support: The EMPACT Experience;320
8.2;Part IV.2: Europe;326
8.2.1;Chapter 30: Austria – Suicide Postvention;328
8.2.2;Chapter 31: Belgium – Support Groupsin Flanders for Childrenand Adolescents Bereaved by Suicide;333
8.2.3;Chapter 32: Denmark – Support for the Bereaved by Suicide;339
8.2.4;Chapter 33: England – Help for People Bereaved by Suicide;344
8.2.5;Chapter 34: France – Suicide Postvention;350
8.2.6;Chapter 35: Italy – Postvention Initiatives;354
8.2.7;Chapter 36: Italy – Support After a Traumatic Death: The Work of the De Leo Fund;360
8.2.8;Chapter 37: Lithuania – Suicide Bereavement Support Beyond Cultural Trauma;366
8.2.9;Chapter 38: Norway – Networking and Participation Among Young Suicide Bereaved;371
8.2.10;Chapter 39: Portugal – First Steps of Postvention Practice and Research;375
8.2.11;Chapter 40: Slovenia – Development of Postvention;381
8.2.12;Chapter 41: The Netherlands – Support After Suicide on the Railways;387
8.3;Part IV.3: Africa;394
8.3.1;Chapter 42: South-Africa – Experiences of Suicide Survivor Support;396
8.4;Part IV.4: Asia-Pacific;402
8.4.1;Chapter 43: Australia – Postvention Australia: National Association for the Bereaved by Suicide;404
8.4.2;Chapter 44: Hong-Kong – Support for People Bereaved by Suicide: Evidence-Based Practices;410
8.4.3;Chapter 45: Japan – Research-Informed Support for Suicide Survivors;415
8.4.4;Chapter 46: New Zealand – Development of Postvention Guidelines for Pacific Communities;421
8.4.5;Chapter 47: Thailand – Suicide Bereavement Support;426
9;Contributors;431
10;Subject Index;437
Chapter 9 History of Survivor Support (p. 101-102)
John L. McIntosh1, Iris Bolton2, Karl Andriessen3, and Frank Campbell4
1Academic Affairs, Indiana University South Bend, IN, USA
2Link Counseling Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
3School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
4Campbell and Associates Consulting, LLC, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
Abstract: The resources and assistance available to significant others in the aftermath of suicide emerged initially in localized and individually developed approaches of support. Certainly, traditional therapeutic resources for the bereaved have been available. However, many of these support resources were often conceptually outside the traditional, professionally provided therapeutic approaches. The history of the survivor pioneers in North America and across the world is chronicled, along with the developments that have followed – resource development and dissemination, funding, research, advocacy, lessened stigmatization, professional organizations – and their impact on support for survivors. Crucial among these developments has been the substantial efforts of survivors themselves in raising awareness and bringing vital attention to the needs and issue of survivors but also to the support services for those bereaved by suicide.
Introduction
Writing a historical account of the experiences of suicide loss survivors over the centuries to contemporary times, Colt (1987, 1991/2006) related a long history for survivors – from concern based on economic and property reasons, followed by stigma and shame that led survivors to go “underground” (1987, p. 14). As he relates this defensive isolation response and the hiding of feelings such as grief and guilt, he suggests that the first recognition of the needs of survivors emerged at the birth of suicidology in North America in the late 1950s and 1960s, with research of suicides in Los Angeles, California, by Shneidman, Farberow, Litman, and others at the Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center. This suicide prevention center was among the first to realize that survivors needed to talk about their loss. From this need sprung early survivors support groups. Additional resources and services that provide support in various other ways have also been developed. Organizations and individuals who were not themselves suicide survivors became supporters, advocates, and partners. However, the early work for recognition and support resulted primarily directly from the tremendous efforts of individuals bereaved by suicide.
Survivors and Postvention
Edwin Shneidman (1968), a psychologist and pioneer in the field of suicidology, coined the term postvention as early as 1967 (see Chapter 1 in this volume). Shneidman defined his terms saying, I would like to use the Latin root “vention,” using three prefixes to portray the full range of activity [action before, during, and after]. I would like to suggest prevention, intervention, and postvention… In postvention, one deals with people after suicide attempts and with the survivorvictims of committed suicide. (Shneidman, 1968, p. 88)
Writing later, Shneidman (1975/1981) seems to focus primarily on the more traditional psychotherapy-based services approach to help the suicide bereaved, not mentioning or anticipating the grief or support group approaches that would soon proliferate. In recognition of the importance of postvention, he states that “a comprehensive suicide-prevention program should attend to the psychological needs of the stigmatized survivors” (Shneidman, 1967/1995, p. 6) and that a “benign community ought routinely to provide immediate postventive mental health care for the survivor-victims of suicidal deaths” (Shneidman, 1969, p. 22). In his foreword to Albert Cain’s landmark book, Survivors of Suicide, Shneidman goes on to state that “of the three possible (temporal) approaches to mental health crises – prevention, intervention, and postvention – in the case of suicide at least, postvention probably represents the largest problem and thus presents the greatest area for potential aid” (Shneidman, 1972, p. x).
Postvention was established as a part of suicidology, and the provision of postventive care was on the verge of major strides toward addressing the needs of survivors. While this care would include traditional therapy approaches (see e.g., Jordan, 2015), postvention in the form of groups focusing on support in particular would emerge as a significant avenue for healing and help to the suicide bereaved.
Support Groups
While there were general grief support groups (and grief therapy) in existence, it was the efforts of individuals and small numbers of survivors that led to the development of the first mutual help and other support groups in the United States and Canada (Chapter 10 presents a review of the effectiveness of suicide survivor support groups). In the late 1970s and early 1980s, several groups were founded that led the way and often served as models for groups in other locations. Although documentation on groups or resources is minimal, one of the earliest of the programs specifically for suicide survivors was the one-on-one grief counseling offered through the Contra Costa Crisis Center in Contra Costa County, California, in 1972 (e.g., cited by E. Betsy Ross in her 1997 book describing planning efforts to begin her own support group for survivors in 1977; Ross, 1997). Working with the coroner’s office, survivors were identified, contacted by letter and phone, and asked if they needed services. Appointments were made and a grief counselor visited them in their home for sessions (Doyle, 1980). In addition, the renowned suicidologist Norman Farberow (2008) relates that the then–Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center in the “early 1970s” started a survivors program that provided a therapy (i.e., not support) approach. However, “after two or three meetings and many absences by the participants, the program was terminated” (Farberow, 2008, p. 5). Other unsuccessful starts followed, and Farberow speculated that the reason the counseling and group process approach that had been attempted did not succeed was that the approach was incorrect:
