Ahmed / Meehan Advanced Reservoir Management and Engineering

2. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-0-12-385549-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 712 Seiten

Reservoir management is concerned with the geoscience and reservoir/production engineering required to plan and optimize the development of discovered or producing oil and gas assets. One of the only books to cover both management and engineering issues, Advanced Reservoir Management and Engineering is redesigned to be the only book you need throughout your career. Written by two of the industry's best-known and well respected reservoir engineers and managers, this new edition offers readers a complete guide for formulating workflow solutions on a day to day bases. Authoritative in its approach, the book begins with the theory and practice of transient flow analysis and offers a brief but thorough hands-on guide to gas and oil well testing. Chapter two documents water influx models and their practical applications in conducting comprehensive field studies, widely used throughout the industry. Essential topics such as Type-Curve Analysis, unconventional gas reservoirs, and gas hydrates are also covered. The book moves on to provide a clear exposition of key economic and financial management methods for evaluation criteria and cash flow analysis, analysis of fixed capital investments and advanced evaluation approaches. This is followed by a frank discussion of advanced evaluation approaches such as integration of decision analysis and professional ethics. Readers will find the website a valuable guide for enhancing their understanding of different techniques used for predicting reservoir performance and cost. The website will also include information such as properties, tables and simple calculations. This combination book and website arrangement will prove particularly useful to new professionals interested in increasing their skills or more experienced professional wishing to increase their knowledge of current industry best practices. The 2nd Edition of the book includes 3 new management chapters, representing a 30% increase over the previous edition. The new subjects include step by step approach to cash flow analysis, analysis of fixed capital investments, cash flow consequences, maintenance as well as a detailed approach to managing working capital. This is followed by a clear exposition of advanced evaluation approaches such as integration of decision analysis and economic evaluation and professional ethics. - Maximize cash flow, subject to capital and operating budget - Deliver new high-quality investment opportunities to management - Effectively manage the development of oil and gas assets - Maximize the benefit to the legitimate stakeholders

consulting firm that specializes in in-house petroleum engineering courses and consulting services worldwide. Prior to that, he was a Reservoir Engineering Advisor for Anadarko, Baker Hughes, and Gaffney, Cline and Associates and was a Professor and head of the Petroleum Engineering Department at Montana Tech of the University of Montana for 22 years. Dr. Ahmed has authored numerous papers and several successful books with Elsevier, including Advanced Reservoir Management and Engineering, 2nd Edition.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ahmed, Tarek

Meehan, Nathan

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Advanced Reservoir Management and Engineering;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Contents;6
5;Preface;10
6;1 Well Testing Analysis;12
6.1;1.1 Primary Reservoir Characteristics;12
6.1.1;1.1.1 Types of Fluids;12
6.1.2;1.1.2 Flow Regimes;13
6.1.3;1.1.3 Reservoir Geometry;15
6.1.4;1.1.4 Number of Fluids Flowing in the Reservoir;17
6.2;1.2 Fluid Flow Equations;17
6.2.1;1.2.1 Darcy’s Law;17
6.2.2;1.2.2 Steady-state Flow;18
6.2.3;1.2.3 Unsteady-state Flow;33
6.2.4;1.2.4 Basic Transient Flow Equation;34
6.2.5;1.2.5 Radial flow of Slightly Compressibility Fluids;37
6.2.6;1.2.6 Radial Flow of Compressible Fluids;49
6.2.7;1.2.7 Pseudosteady State;55
6.2.8;1.2.8 Radial Flow of Slightly Compressible Fluids;59
6.2.9;1.2.9 Radial Flow of Compressible Fluids (Gases);64
6.2.10;1.2.10 Skin Factor;65
6.2.11;1.2.11 Turbulent Flow Factor;68
6.2.12;1.2.12 Principle of Superposition;70
6.3;1.3 Transient Well Testing;75
6.3.1;1.3.1 Drawdown Test;77
6.3.2;1.3.2 Pressure Buildup Test;89
6.3.3;1.3.3 Horner Plot;90
6.3.4;1.3.4 Miller–Dyes–Hutchinson Method;97
6.3.5;1.3.5 MBH Method;100
6.3.6;1.3.6 Ramey–Cobb Method;105
6.3.7;1.3.7 Dietz Method;106
6.4;1.4 Type Curves;107
6.4.1;1.4.1 Gringarten Type Curve;112
6.5;1.5 Pressure Derivative Method;120
6.5.1;1.5.1 Model Identification;132
6.5.2;1.5.2 Analysis of Early-time Test Data;133
6.5.3;1.5.3 Analysis of Middle-time Test Data;135
6.5.4;1.5.4 Hydraulically Fractured Reservoirs;151
6.6;1.6 Interference and Pulse Tests;182
6.6.1;1.6.1 Interference Testing in Homogeneous Isotropic Reservoirs;184
6.6.2;1.6.2 Interference Testing in Homogeneous Anisotropic Reservoirs;189
6.6.3;1.6.3 Pulse Testing in Homogeneous Isotropic Reservoirs;194
6.6.4;1.6.4 Pulse Testing in Homogeneous Anisotropic Reservoirs;206
6.6.5;1.6.5 Pulse Test Design Procedure;206
6.7;1.7 Formation Testing;207
6.7.1;1.7.1 Supercharging;208
6.7.2;1.7.2 Flow Analysis;208
6.7.3;1.7.3 Example use of gradients;210
6.7.4;1.7.4 Solution;213
6.7.5;1.7.5 Fluid Identification;214
6.7.6;1.7.6 Advanced applications;215
6.8;1.8 Injection Well Testing;218
6.8.1;1.8.1 Injectivity Test Analysis;218
6.8.2;1.8.2 Pressure Falloff Test;222
6.8.3;1.8.3 Step-rate Test;231
6.9;1.9 Problems;232
7;2 Water Influx;238
7.1;2.1 Classification of Aquifers;238
7.1.1;2.1.1 Degree of Pressure Maintenance;238
7.1.2;2.1.2 Outer Boundary Conditions;239
7.1.3;2.1.3 Flow Regimes;239
7.1.4;2.1.4 Flow Geometries;240
7.2;2.2 Recognition of Natural Water Influx;240
7.3;2.3 Water Influx Models;241
7.3.1;2.3.1 The Pot Aquifer Model;241
7.3.2;2.3.2 The Schilthuis Steady-State Model;243
7.3.3;2.3.3 The Hurst Modified Steady-State Equation;245
7.3.4;2.3.4 The van Everdingen and Hurst Unsteady-State Model;247
7.3.5;2.3.5 The Carter and Tracy Water Influx Model;282
7.3.6;2.3.6 The Fetkovich Method;285
8;3 Unconventional Gas Reservoirs;292
8.1;3.1 Vertical Gas Well Performance;292
8.1.1;3.1.1 Gas Flow under Laminar (Viscous) Flowing Conditions;292
8.1.2;3.1.2 Gas Flow under Turbulent Flow Conditions;296
8.1.3;3.1.3 Back-Pressure Test;301
8.1.4;3.1.4 Future Inflow Performance Relationships;307
8.2;3.2 Horizontal Gas Well Performance;310
8.3;3.3 Material Balance Equation for Conventional and Unconventional Gas Reservoirs;312
8.3.1;3.3.1 The Volumetric Method;312
8.3.2;3.3.2 The Material Balance Method;314
8.3.3;3.3.3 Volumetric Gas Reservoirs;315
8.3.4;3.3.4 Water Drive Gas Reservoirs;320
8.4;3.4 Coalbed Methane;336
8.4.1;3.4.1 Gas Content;338
8.4.2;3.4.2 Density of the Coal;347
8.4.3;3.4.3 Deliverability and Drainage Efficiency;348
8.4.4;3.4.4 Permeability and Porosity;350
8.4.5;3.4.5 Material Balance Equation for Coalbed Methane;351
8.4.6;3.4.6 Prediction of CBM Reservoir Performance;357
8.4.7;3.4.7 Flow of Desorbed Gas in Cleats and Fractures;360
8.5;3.5 Tight Gas Reservoirs;361
8.5.1;3.5.1 Compartmental Reservoir Approach;363
8.5.2;3.5.2 Combined Decline Curve and Type Curve Analysis Approach;368
8.6;3.6 Gas Hydrates;417
8.6.1;3.6.1 Phase Diagrams for Hydrates;418
8.6.2;3.6.2 Hydrates in Subsurface;434
8.7;3.7 Shallow Gas Reservoirs;436
9;4 Performance of Oil Reservoirs;444
9.1;4.1 Primary Recovery Mechanisms;444
9.1.1;4.1.1 Rock and Liquid Expansion;444
9.1.2;4.1.2 Depletion Drive Mechanism;445
9.1.3;4.1.3 Gas Cap Drive;446
9.1.4;4.1.4 Water Drive Mechanism;449
9.1.5;4.1.5 Gravity Drainage Drive;451
9.1.6;4.1.6 Combination Drive Mechanism;453
9.2;4.2 The Material Balance Equation;454
9.3;4.3 Generalized MBE;455
9.3.1;4.3.1 Basic Assumptions in the MBE;455
9.3.2;4.3.2 Increasing Primary Recovery;460
9.3.3;4.3.3 Reservoir Driving Indices;462
9.4;4.4 The MBE as an Equation of a Straight Line;468
9.4.1;4.4.1 Case 1: Volumetric Undersaturated Oil Reservoirs;469
9.4.2;4.4.2 Case 2: Volumetric Saturated Oil Reservoirs;472
9.4.3;4.4.3 Case 3: Gas Cap Drive Reservoirs;480
9.4.4;4.4.4 Case 4: Water Drive Reservoirs;484
9.4.5;4.4.5 Case 5: Combination Drive Reservoirs;488
9.4.6;4.4.6 Case 6: Average Reservoir Pressure;489
9.5;4.5 Tracy's Form of the MBE;490
9.6;4.6 Problems;492
10;5 Predicting Oil Reservoir Performance;496
10.1;5.1 Phase 1. Reservoir Performance Prediction Methods;496
10.1.1;5.1.1 Instantaneous GOR;496
10.1.2;5.1.2 The Reservoir Saturation Equations and Their Adjustments;500
10.1.3;5.1.3 Undersaturated Oil Reservoirs;506
10.1.4;5.1.4 Saturated Oil Reservoirs;507
10.2;5.2 Phase 2. Oil Well Performance;519
10.2.1;5.2.1 Vertical Oil Well Performance;520
10.2.2;5.2.2 Horizontal Oil Well Performance;539
10.2.3;5.2.3 Horizontal Well Productivity under Steady-State Flow;542
10.2.4;5.2.4 Horizontal Well Productivity under Semisteady-State Flow;545
10.3;5.3 Phase 3. Relating Reservoir Performance to Time;546
10.4;5.4 Problems;548
11;6 Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery;552
11.1;6.1 Mechanisms of Enhanced Oil Recovery;552
11.2;6.2 Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods;554
11.3;6.3 Thermal Processes;555
11.3.1;6.3.1 Cyclic Steam Stimulation;555
11.3.2;6.3.2 Steam Flooding (Steam Drive);557
11.3.3;6.3.3 Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage;571
11.3.4;6.3.4 In Situ Combustion;573
11.4;6.4 Chemical Flood;577
11.4.1;6.4.1 Polymer Flood;578
11.4.2;6.4.2 Surfactant Slug and Micellar Solution Flood;585
11.4.3;6.4.3 ASP Flood;590
11.5;6.5 Miscible Gas Flood;591
11.5.1;6.5.1 Miscibility;592
12;7 Economic Analysis;598
12.1;7.1 Introduction;598
12.1.1;7.1.1 Tight Gas Optimal Spacing Example;599
12.1.2;7.1.2 Drill vs. Farmout Example;601
12.1.3;7.1.3 Value of Advanced Technology;601
12.2;7.2 Evaluation Criteria and Cash Flow Analysis;602
12.2.1;7.2.1 Payout;602
12.2.2;7.2.2 Number of Times Investment Returned;605
12.2.3;7.2.3 Discounting of Future Cash Flows, Time Value of Money;605
12.2.4;7.2.4 Period Discounting;608
12.3;7.3 Price Escalation and Constant Price Cases;608
12.3.1;7.3.1 SPEE Guidelines for Escalations;609
12.4;7.4 Present Value;609
12.4.1;7.4.1 SPEE-Recommended Evaluation Practice;611
12.4.2;7.4.2 Discounted Payout;611
12.4.3;7.4.3 Discounted Cash Flow Return on Investment;611
12.4.4;7.4.4 Net Present Value and Discounted Cash Flow Return on Investment;613
12.5;7.5 Rate Acceleration Investments;614
12.5.1;7.5.1 Present Value Ratio (PVR);617
12.5.2;7.5.2 Growth Rate-of-Return (GRR);618
12.5.3;7.5.3 Perpetuity;619
12.6;7.6 Weighted Average Cost of Capital;619
12.6.1;7.6.1 Conceptual Framework;619
12.6.2;7.6.2 Value of a Corporation;620
12.6.3;7.6.3 Market Value of Debt;620
12.6.4;7.6.4 Market Value of Equity;621
12.6.5;7.6.5 Value of the Firm;621
12.7;7.7 Risk Analysis;621
12.7.1;7.7.1 Adjusted Discount Rates;623
12.7.2;7.7.2 Sensitivity Analysis;623
12.7.3;7.7.3 Decision Trees and Utility Theory;624
12.7.4;7.7.4 Monte Carlo Simulations;626
12.8;7.8 Types of International Petroleum Fiscal Regimes;630
12.8.1;7.8.1 Background;630
12.8.2;7.8.2 Generic Contract Styles;630
12.8.3;7.8.3 Concessions;631
12.8.4;7.8.4 Joint Ventures;631
12.8.5;7.8.5 Tax/Royalty Schemes;632
12.8.6;7.8.6 Production Sharing Contracts;632
12.8.7;7.8.7 Ring Fencing;634
12.8.8;7.8.8 Reserve Treatment and Issues for PSCs;635
12.8.9;7.8.9 Service Contracts;635
12.8.10;7.8.10 Issues with PSC and Service Contracts;636
12.9;7.9 Country Examples;636
12.9.1;7.9.1 Brazil (Excluding Pre-Salt);636
12.9.2;7.9.2 Indonesia;637
12.9.3;7.9.3 United Kingdom;638
12.9.4;7.9.4 Iraq Service Contracts;639
12.9.5;7.9.5 Summary;640
12.10;7.10 General Reserve Booking Issues;641
12.10.1;7.10.1 Petroleum Resources;641
12.10.2;7.10.2 Guidelines for Resource Estimation and Accounting;642
12.10.3;7.10.3 Resource Classification Framework;643
12.10.4;7.10.4 A Note on Risk and Uncertainty;644
12.10.5;7.10.5 Project-Based Resource Evaluations;645
12.10.6;7.10.6 Project Maturity Sub-Classes and Reserve Classes;645
12.10.7;7.10.7 Resource and Reserve Uncertainty;646
12.11;7.11 Historical SEC Reserve Regulations;647
12.11.1;7.11.1 Proved Area Definition (“Offsets”);657
12.11.2;7.11.2 2009 SEC Changes;658
13;8 Financial Analysis;662
13.1;8.1 Fixed Capital Investments;662
13.1.1;8.1.1 Cost Basis;663
13.1.2;8.1.2 Cash Flow Consequences;663
13.1.3;8.1.3 Maintenance Expense;664
13.1.4;8.1.4 Additions of Fixed Capital;664
13.1.5;8.1.5 Working Capital;664
13.2;8.2 Financial Reporting;664
13.2.1;8.2.1 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP);664
13.2.2;8.2.2 Net Income;665
13.2.3;8.2.3 Timing Differences;665
13.2.4;8.2.4 Depreciation, Depletion, and Amortization (DD&A);666
13.2.5;8.2.5 Deferred Tax;666
13.2.6;8.2.6 Cash Flow Generation;667
13.3;8.3 Mergers and Acquisitions;667
13.4;8.4 Overview of E&P Acquisition Environment;668
13.4.1;8.4.1 Tax Consequences;669
13.4.2;8.4.2 Accounting for Acquisitions;669
13.4.3;8.4.3 Pooling Accounting;670
13.4.4;8.4.4 Purchase Accounting;670
13.4.5;8.4.5 Due Diligence in Acquisitions;670
13.4.6;8.4.6 Valuation;671
14;9 Professionalism and Ethics;672
14.1;9.1 What Is a Profession?;672
14.2;9.2 Ethics;672
14.2.1;9.2.1 Guide for Professional Conduct;673
14.3;9.3 The Engineer as an Expert Witness;674
14.3.1;9.3.1 Credibility and Credentials;675
14.3.2;9.3.2 Compensation and Payments;676
14.3.3;9.3.3 The Expert Report;677
14.3.4;9.3.4 Depositions;678
14.3.5;9.3.5 Direct Examination;679
14.3.6;9.3.6 Cross-Examination;680
14.3.7;9.3.7 Intellectual Property;682
14.3.8;9.3.8 Junk Science;682
14.4;9.4 FCPA Considerations;683
14.5;9.5 Ethics Gone Awry, Ethical Dilemmas;684
14.5.1;9.5.1 The Case of the Unintended Consequences of Success Bonuses;684
14.5.2;9.5.2 How Much of Your Expertise Belongs to Your Employer?;686
14.5.3;9.5.3 Whose Witness Anyway?;687
14.5.4;9.5.4 Forced Rankings;688
14.5.5;9.5.5 Gifts and Entertainment;689
14.5.6;9.5.6 The Bribery Coast;690
15;References;694
16;Index;700